Eddy-induced SST-THF coefficient can approach ∼40 and ∼28 W m⁻² k⁻¹ for warm anticyclones and cold cyclones

SSH-SST incoherent eddies (warm cyclones and cold anticyclones) are comparable in number to coherent/conventional eddies

Seasonal variation of eddy compositions leads to monopolar, dipolar and canceled patterns of air-sea net fluxes

Sea level rise (SLR) trend in the Gulf of Mexico is 44% higher than the global mean sea level trend over the period 1993–2020

This trend has accelerated since ∼2010, along with a deep upper-layer warming that explains more than half of the SLR through steric effects

Loop Current eddies may be responsible for this acceleration

Marine heatwaves and cold spells are in phase with westward propagating sea level anomaly features

Meridional advection is important for the interannual mixed layer heat budget in the western South Atlantic

The South Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation leads the beginning of the westward-propagating sea level mode by 3–9 months

Pathways of land-sourced contaminants in the aftermath of Hurricane Florence are investigated with an ocean model with hydrology source

The Cape Fear River plume had a westward coastal current and intermittent offshore storage modulated by wind direction and river discharge

Beaches 100 km west saw river-sourced water quality hazards with delayed onset and long duration, from days to weeks after the storm

Subduction of water below the mixed layer is driven by entrainment with advection modulating the small-scale dynamics

Volume and formation of Subpolar Mode Water changes every year in size and location

The difference between the formation rate from the thermodynamic and kinematic approaches suggests a large role of diapycnal mixing

Mesoscale eddies in the Eurasian Basin can bring ocean heat from the Atlantic Water layer to sea ice and cause basal melting even in winter

Variability of surface eddy kinetic energy is mainly controlled by sea ice cover

Eddy activity at depth is mainly controlled by baroclinic instability and ocean stratification

The kinetic energy spectrum of the Arctic Ocean circulation has two peaks, at the gyre scale and mesoscale, respectively

80% (50%) of kinetic energy is on scales less than 100 km (30 km), with maximum content in the 10–20 km scale band in most eddy-rich areas

The magnitudes of the kinetic energy spectrum and content inside the Arctic Ocean have a maximum in late summer to autumn

Average turbulent temperature diffusivity is elevated by 1–2 orders of magnitude on the shelf compared to over the deep slope

A similar magnitude ($$\mathcal{O}$$(1 Wm⁻²)) of heat is fluxed into the cold halocline from the Atlantic Water below as from the overlying surface layer

Heat fluxes as high as 50 Wm⁻² are occasionally observed in the surface layer

The Zapiola circulation is bottom intensified and its volume transport ranges from −18.5 to 268 Sv with a mean of 122 Sv

We analyze collapses, maxima, multi-year modulation and trends in the Zapiola transport and associated water characteristics variations

In the last 27 years trends in the Zapiola region include transport reduction and increase in temperature and salinity in the upper 2,000 m

Methane oxidation rates varied significantly between sites and higher rates were observed in shallow waters

Methanotrophic activity could be influenced by methane availability, nutrient levels and temperature

MOx exhibited the Michaelis-Menten kinetics with the V _max of 0.30 nM d⁻¹ and a K _m of 78.3 nM

The precise range and magnitude of gas discharges in the southern Okinawa Trough are determined by processing the SBES data

The magnitude and intensity of gas discharges can be attributed to volcanic fluid activity or structural faults

The three-dimensional flares observed in the water column illustrate the impact of tides on the upward movement of gas plumes

Alongshore and interannual physical and biogeochemical properties of upwelled source waters identified using adjoint tracer simulations

Meandering of the geostrophic circulation controls alongshore variability of physical and biogeochemical properties of upwelled waters

Properties of upwelled source waters vary seasonally in response to wind forcing, biological activity, and remineralization at depth

A novel diagnostic (latitude-oxygen streamfunction) is proposed for an integrated description of the surface-to-interior oxygen pathways

Global meridional oxygen transport occurs in two cells driven by the AMOC (Northern Cell) and the Indo-Pacific circulation (Southern Cell)

The Southern Ocean supplies oxygen globally through northward export of SAMW and AABW at intermediate and abyssal depths respectively

This study highlights a new pathway for propagation of signals from equatorial band directly to west coast of India, bypassing Bay of Bengal

This direct connection results from intersection of equatorial and coastal waveguides near Sri Lanka

This pathway contributes to the west coast of India sea level primarily at intraseasonal timescale, but weakly at longer timescales

Generation of near-inertial waves (NIWs) through interaction between bottom-reaching flow and rough topography is observed

The NIWs are generated by lee wave breaking which can leave the topography after being generated

The NIWs have large vertical shear which can enhance mixing remotely by inducing shear instability

Subsurface temperature anomalies during Marine Heatwaves (MHWs) are controlled by seasonal stratification resulting in two seasonal regimes

MHWs are associated with a hypoxic zone expansion and large negative bottom dissolved oxygen anomalies during the winter/spring

The leading driver of estuarine MHWs is air-sea heat flux, with latent heat flux changes being the dominant constituent

The East Australian Current acts as a frontal barrier for water-mass and chlorophyll-a concentration

Shelf-offshore exchange of chlorophyll-a concentration is enhanced when the East Australian Current separates from the coast

The strongest chlorophyll-a anomalies are associated with cyclonic sub-mesoscale strain inshore of the East Australian Current

Estuarine metabolism heavily modifies local seasonal ocean acidification (OA) rates, revealing a potentially large biological feedback mechanism

Variable estuarine carbon cycling creates OA hotspots for exceedances of species' chemical tolerances and existing water quality criteria

Reducing anthropogenic CO₂ estimation uncertainties in estuarine waters is needed to improve OA forecasts and inform OA management options

Turbulent kinetic energy budget and mixing efficiency were calculated using the velocity and density data measured from PIV and PLIF

Two kinds of instabilities (shear instability and convective instability) were observed during ISW breaking events on the shelf slope

Rough structure on the shelf slope substantially enhanced the turbulent dissipation rate and decrease the mixing efficiency

Turner angle method is used to identify the barrier layer (BL) in the South Pacific

The formation of thick BL in the South Pacific is related to the subantarctic mode water and subsurface salinity maximum

The thickness of BL manifests a quasi-biennial variability and is regulated by Southern Annular Mode related anomalous winds

Stable isotopic composition of bivalve tissue reflects nutritional sources

Correlations between light-rare earth elements and trace metal enrichment in mussel tissues reflect in vivo uptake by endosymbiotic methanotrophic bacteria

Elemental distributions have the potential to identify chemosymbiosis in fossil bivalves

Metabolism of high nutrient loads in Elkhorn Slough, CA, enhances trends of coastal acidification compared to open ocean acidification

High nutrient levels and lower buffering drive the greatest rate of acidification over two decades near the marine inlet of the estuary

Temporal cycles of ecosystem metabolism and tides are threats to acidification in a tidally restricted site

Locations of frontal activity in the Hauraki Gulf (HG) directly relate to wind direction and bathymetric features

El Niño Southern Oscillation phases contribute to fine-scale frontal dynamics, limiting connectivity between sub-parts of the HG during El Niño and enhancing it during La Niña

Turbulent buoyancy fluxes span several orders of magnitude over the river plume

Plume-generated interfacial shear is the most important mixing contributor overall

Bottom-generated mixing importance increases with tidal currents and plume thickness

The spring bloom in coastal high latitudinal regions consisted of multiple peaks associated with gain and loss processes

Relaxation of strong winds and clear skies for 7–10 days in spring allowed phytoplankton accumulation and bloom development

Episodic strong winds interluded spring bloom development after a period of calm, sunny weather

The sensitivity of Southern Ocean mode water stratification to surface heat flux changes sign over time

Surface heat loss leads to an initial decrease in stratification in the mode waters

Surface heat loss leads to a delayed restratification due to a haline contribution after a thermal contribution is effectively damped

Biologically-important springtime near-surface restratification in Antarctic coastal polynyas varies spatially within a polynya

Sea ice meltwater from regions offshore of the polynya is the primary buoyancy source of polynya near-surface restratification

Ice shelf basal meltwater mixes over the water column during its ascent and contributes little to polynya near-surface restratification

The subduction of a dense filament in the Bay of Bengal suggests the role of submesoscale processes in setting upper ocean heat content

Barrier layers form at edges of fronts, sequestering heat from the surface and creating shallow mixed layers with lateral scales O (10 km)

Small-scale lateral temperature variability is exchanged vertically through instabilities, encouraging formation of temperature inversions

The frontal zone of the Gulf Stream has an interface water mass with different origins and a range of biogeochemical impacts

Meanders appear to control the front interface: troughs lead to shelf filament subduction and crests lead to high salinity water obduction

Subduction and obduction appear to be common at the front and could lead to ephemeral kilometer-scale export and productivity

Mesoscale-resolving ocean biogeochemistry simulations show vertical mixing is a key source of oxygen to the equatorial Pacific thermocline

The supply of oxygen by advection and vertical mixing is strongly seasonal and is driven by seasonal variability in the wind

The vertical mixing of oxygen is modulated by the wind stress and mesoscale eddy impacts on equatorial shear-driven turbulence

Several open-ocean regions of enriched ²²⁸Ra were documented in the North and Equatorial Pacific at 152°W

The upper ocean ²²⁸Ra-enriched regions correspond to major surface and subsurface currents transporting water from the Asian margin

One seabed region near 32°N was especially enriched in ²²⁸Ra

Nine-year repeated Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler observations exhibited flat kinetic energy spectra and prominent energy injection in the submesoscale range

Abrupt fence-like topographic features promoted forward energy cascade toward submesoscale, flattening the kinetic energy spectra

Topographically induced submesoscale motions radiated energy in the form of near-inertial waves that spread across the strait

The simulated hydrographic structures over the Bellingshausen Sea continental shelf region are in good agreement with observations

The warm water intrusions toward the Venable Ice Shelf show peaks of higher velocities in summer, likely caused by coastal trapped waves

Glacial meltwater from about 33% of the area underneath the BS ice shelves flows into the Amundsen Sea within 2 years