Mineral dust concentrations from the MERRA-2 atmospheric reanalysis product are investigated at Hawaii's ocean Station ALOHA back to 1980

Two semi-annual dust pulses at the site are described and little evidence is seen for long-term shifts in total dust or pulse timing

Dust concentrations exhibit different periodicities and relationships with precipitation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation index

Iterative testing was implemented to improve both hydroclimate and terrestrial hydrology simulations in coupled land-atmosphere models

We generated a high-fidelity 4 km climate data set (1990–2021) for Alaska and Yukon and evaluated it against multiple observational data sets

Discrepancies in streamflow simulations between the offline land model and the coupled models were diagnosed using information theory

Current dynamical models have high skills in predicting the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) evolution

Most models can reasonably predict the downward propagating process, amplitude, and phase transition of the QBO

Winter surface climate anomaly patterns associated with the QBO teleconnections can be reproduced in most models, but with weaker amplitude

The first shallow ice core obtained in Pakistan Karakoram covering the last 21 years was presented

The decreased δ¹⁸O and increased snow accumulation records show the increased moisture from the North Atlantic

The cooling of temperature and increased precipitation caused by weakened westerlies led to the Karakoram anomaly

Interferometric satellite radar can provide snap shots of high-resolution water vapor fields

Water vapor fields from numerical weather prediction models can be matched with satellite radar data by time-shifting the model

Applying time-shifts can lead to model improvements of up to 40%, especially in cases where weather fronts are present

Potential values of assimilating CubeSat constellation microwave radiances for regional numerical weather prediction were assessed with observing system simulation experiments

A rapid-update convection-permitting 4DEnVar was constructed to take advantage of the CubeSat constellation data with rapid revisit

Positive impacts of the CubeSat radiances on the prediction of typhoon's track, intensity, rainfall, and dynamic conditions are found

Mixtures of cloud vertical structures from active observations and their large-scale model counterparts are amenable to classification

The classification enables the creation of a gridded data set from data that were originally sparse in active observations

This data set can be used to understand contributions to Earth energetics by various cloud systems in both observations and models

WAMT254 gravity waves (GWs) (in zonal winds; scales < 620 km) can reasonably reproduce observational GW climatology in the lower atmosphere and thermosphere

Whole atmosphere model (WAM) GWs propagate up from mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) into the ionosphere and thermosphere (IT) in the westward phase of migrating tidal winds and thus show diurnal and semidiurnal variations

WAM predicts a wave-4 signature in daytime tropical thermospheric GW activity due to modulation by the nonmigrating tides in the MLT

IceGAT is a neural network for nowcasting (hourly) and forecasting (1-day to multiple days) Pan-Arctic sea ice concentration with leading accuracy and very fast inference

It uses a multi-scale graph structure to capture the complex meteorological dynamics and incorporates mass and momentum conservation

IceGAT is fully open-source and has an online implementation with forecasts provided daily

The influence of hydrophilic aerosol on the clouds and precipitation of SWV exhibits structural difference

As aerosol increases, precipitation in middle circle of SWV first decreases and then increases, but the trend reverses in outer circle

The formation of structural difference is primarily constrained by the special dynamic structure of the SWV

Ratio of methanethiol (MeSH) to dimethyl sulphide (DMS) fluxes of 11%–18% is consistent across different water types in Southern Ocean waters

Significant correlations between DMS_w and MeSH_w and nanophytoplankton were observed, enabling development of parameterizations for models

The inter-model uncertainties of the NWPSH projections are closely related to the historical tropical North Atlantic (TNA) cold sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies

The TNA cold SST anomalies cause the subtropical North Pacific cold SST anomalies in the future

The emergent constraints reduce the uncertainties of NWPSH projections by 32.5%, indicating a weaker NWPSH compared to the multi-model mean

Dung combustion in TPL emits more nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) than coal, with methyl NOCs dominating in dung and fused-ring NOCs in coal emissions

Nitro and methyl groups enhance NOC absorption, while fused-ring NOCs show strong UV absorption despite lower emissions

The ·NO₃ oxidation increased NOC abundance, while ·OH oxidation enhanced their radiative forcing potential

The wind-induced surface heat exchange (WISHE) mechanism remains crucial for the development and intensification of tropical cyclones

The peak intensity of Super Typhoon Hinnamnor (2022) occurred approximately 12 hr later than that predicted by MPI theory

WISHE determines the start time of rapid intensification (RI) while the end time of RI is more dependent on internal dynamic processes

Surface waters affected by human activities generate enhanced levels of airborne pollutants by light-induced chemical interaction with NO₂

Low NO₂ concentration leads to enhanced production of airborne pollutants upon light-induced reaction with surface microlayer of lake water

Formation of Brown Carbon compounds occur upon light-induced reaction of NO₂ with surface microlayer of the lake water

New records and statistical reanalysis reveal an increase in tephra deposition frequency over northeastern North America ca. 9,000 years ago

This increase likely reflects changing atmospheric circulation associated with the collapse of the Laurentide ice sheet

Flux convergence and divergence are caused by increasing variations in the magnitudes of sensible heat fluxes as the measurement height increases

Vertical convergence and divergence in sensible heat fluxes are largely associated with variations in turbulent transport efficiency

Variations in turbulent transport efficiency are caused by changes in asymmetric transport of updrafts and downdrafts

Twice-daily drone-borne meteorological profiling was conducted for 2 months in an urban area in Japan

Data quality was found suitable for numerical weather prediction, fulfilling WMO requirements

Safety, aircraft selection, and treatment of sensors should be well coordinated for long-term operation

Positive precipitation anomalies in Chile (30°–45°S) occur associated with active Madden-Julian Oscillation events around Phase 1

Precipitation increase in Central Chile stems from three teleconnections, each influencing water vapor transport over the ocean with delays

Cross equatorial Rossby wave trains around 5–15 days prior to the onset of precipitation drive circulation and moisture anomalies

A pair of vortex couplets following the cold front (CFVs) formed on the eastern Dalou Mountain, promoting the low-level easterlies between the CFVs

Topographical lateral friction had a positive impact on the low-level easterlies from afternoon to early evening

Lateral friction promoted the positive vorticity evidently above 1,500 m and enhanced the negative vorticity in a lower layer

Tropical cyclone (TC), frequently occurring in the South China Sea, interacts with at least one mesoscale eddy during its lifespan

TCs enhance (weaken) pre-TC cyclonic (anticyclonic) eddies by a 24% increase (17% decrease) in amplitude

Pre-existing cyclonic (anticyclonic) eddies enhance (suppress) TC-induced cooling and suppress (fuel) TC intensification

A 36-band correlated k-distribution scheme is developed for BCC_RAD radiative transfer model to include more of the gas absorption bands

Improvements are made to select the gas overlapping methods and the number of k-distribution quadrature points for each band

The new scheme performs well in radiative calculations and generally captures the radiative forcing from varying gas concentrations

3-hour coupling and sublayer temperature parameterization were implemented in CAS-ESM2

Considering diurnal coupling can improve the ENSO amplitude

Considering the sublayer temperature can improve the climatological mean state and skewness of the tropical sea surface temperature

The first all-inclusive low-pressure system (LPS) detection and classification framework for climate data and model outputs is proposed

The framework substantially extends LPS track lengths while improving tropical cyclone detection skill

The framework is useful to study the frequency, structure, development, wind impact, and precipitation contribution of each type of LPS

A quantitative approach has been developed to estimate high-spatial resolution sea surface wind speed using Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager images

Long-term and large-scale spaceborne optical data reveal that regional wind and wave conditions can affect whitecap coverage

The scale effect of optical remote sensing determines the appropriate statistical method between wind speed and whitecap coverage

We identified two distinct sea ice dipole patterns in West and East Antarctica during austral winter

The East Antarctic sea ice dipole is a new discovery, linked to the Rossby wave train from the tropical Indian Ocean

Numerical model experiments further confirm this teleconnection between the Indian Ocean and East Antarctica

Different metrics used for flagging rainfall events may lead to differing $${F}_{ice}$$ using CloudSat observations

increases with rainfall intensity, and warm rainfall intensity is below 50 mm/hr over Longmen

Observed warm rainfall frequency over Longmen is significantly higher than that from ERA5

WRF model driven by ERA5 and bias-corrected CMIP6 data sets performed historical and projected dynamic downscaling simulations, respectively

Accumulated water available for runoff during the cold season was projected to increase by 26.97% under SSP245 and 28.95% under SSP585

Rainfall-driven extreme snowmelt will increase in the Tianshan and Pamir region under a warming climate

A notable decline accompanied by strong interannual variability in the spring frost days over northeast China in the past decades

The anomalous North Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) can stimulate Rossby wave trains and affect local circulation favoring the occurrence of spring frosts

The spring Eurasian snow anomaly acts as a bridge between the North Atlantic SST and the spring frosts over northeast China

A robust atmospheric river originating from the Gulf of Mexico bolstered a preexisting cyclone in Colorado, resulting in extreme weather in March 2019

Latent heat release is the key component for the cyclogenesis and the development of downstream upper-level ridge

ARs can interact with weather systems across various scales, contributing to extreme weather both directly and indirectly

Nitrogen-containing and sulfur-containing organic compounds were enriched in methanol-soluble organic compounds derived from solid fuels

Nitro-containing aromatic compounds were formed in the photooxidation reaction mediated by NO₃⋅

The ⋅ OH mediated photooxidation process disrupts the molecular conjugation and aromaticity of BrC, which reduces light absorption capacity

About 98% of measured particles contained either Na, K, or both, with 74% containing both elements, typically as sulfates or chlorides

Tracer elements of sea spray and biomass burning emissions mix within individual particles in the samples from Thailand, Southeast Asia

The observed mixing states can affect the hygroscopicity, viscosity, and optical properties of the particles

Previous studies underestimated intermediate-volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) emissions in China

Emissions estimated based on nonMethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) better capture the spatial distribution of surface IVOCs

Emissions estimated based on primary organic aerosols fail to reproduce the contrast between urban and rural IVOCs

Atmospheric river detection tools are applied to climate model simulations incorporating insolation and greenhouse gas changes

AR frequency changes due to orbital forcing and associated changing seasonality generally agree across algorithms in most regions

AR frequency changes due to lower greenhouse gas concentrations agree in sign, but there is substantial disagreement in magnitude

Sulfur contents affected the BrC absorption, and OSCs contributed ∼20% of the total identified chromophores in the haze event

Coal combustion emission and its secondary process are the main sources of OSCs with aromatic OSCs dominated the molecular composition

The transformation of OSCs may potentially impact the changes in BrC light-absorption capacity

Photosensitized manganese (Mn) aerosols may be important heterogeneous drivers for isoprene oxidation in the atmosphere

Surface-enhanced heterogeneous reactions facilitate the generation and release of singlet oxygen (O(¹D)) and hydroxyl (OH) radicals

Low-molecular-weight carbonyls can be major products of isoprene oxidation, becoming dominant in the aging process of organic aerosols

First real-case simulation of a wet microburst based on the data assimilation of X-band phased-array radar

The analyses reveal the fine-scale structural evolution of the microburst with a misocyclone, in addition to physical mechanism

The downdraft of the microburst is accelerated by a downward-directed perturbation pressure gradient generated by the misocyclone

Cloud base (CB) height was derived using satellite and numerical weather prediction (NWP) data with CB velocity derived using only NWP data

Both CB heights and velocities compare well over a 2.4° longitude by 2.0° latitude domain situated in the Southern Great Plains observatory

Both CB heights and velocities were derived using both a linear and random forests models