This paper describe a scheme to directly assimilate radar reflectivity data for cycled deterministic forecast systems

Time-lagged ensemble is used to compute the "cloud-dependent" background error covariances

This new radar reflectivity data assimilation scheme can improve the analysis and short-term forecast of mesoscale convective system

A positive correlation exists between the magnitudes of size sorting signatures and convective depth

Larger size sorting magnitudes are associated with more riming growth and quicker graupel fallout

Intense convective precipitation in the PECAN MCSs seems to be dominated more by cold rain processes than warm rain processes

A segmentation method is developed to identify cloud objects from satellite images and to obtain cloud morphology information

Local maxima in cloud size and cold-air outbreak index and local minima in wind shear are found in cloud organization transition regime

Mean cloud horizontal aspect ratio has weak fetch dependency and is near 2 in all cloud regimes

A simple analytical model for cloud area growth and decay rates is developed, with a source term driven by convective cell diabatic heating

The model works equally well for convective systems of varying duration and degrees of convective organization over both land and ocean

The model suggests that a system convective area fraction of approximately 0.15 is needed for stratiform cloud area maintenance

Global ozone stratosphere-troposphere exchange decreases by 15%–21% in simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) versus preindustrial

This decrease is mainly caused by decreased ozone in extratropical lower stratosphere due to a weakening of Brewer-Dobson circulation

Stratosphere-troposphere ozone exchange in the LGM is 28% of the tropospheric ozone production rate, as compared to 19% in preindustrial

The Henan extreme rainfall from July 19 to 21, 2021 was closely related to the Huang-Huai cyclone and southerly and southeasterly flows

This extreme rainfall event may not be a typical tropical cyclone remote precipitation event

The interaction of typhoons In-fa and Cempaka may affect the uncertainty in the southerly flow and maintenance of the Huang-Huai cyclone

Homologous series of diacids and related compounds in PM₁₀ were studied at Bharati Station, Antarctic in summer

Molecular distribution was characterized by the predominance of succinic and citric acids followed by Glyoxylic acid

Photo-oxidation of marine-derived organic precursors via sea-to-air emission was the major source of diacids in summer

Ozonesonde observations in Hanoi, Vietnam, for about 14 years since 2004 display an ozone enhancement at ∼3 km altitude in March–April

Enhanced ozone air at ∼3 km originates from burning areas west of Hanoi whereas low-ozone near-surface air is marine from the east

Model experiments show biomass fires in the Indochina Peninsula are the cause of Hanoi's enhanced ozone

Reconstruction of hydrological extremes in the upper Yangtze River over the past 700 yr using tree ring oxygen isotope

Extreme hydrological droughts have increased significantly under the background of ongoing global warming

Recent increase in extreme hydrological droughts is related to the weakening of India's summer monsoon due to increasing greenhouse gas emissions

We demonstrated that geostationary satellite data can be used to study the temporal evolution of pollution tracks

In some cases, polluted clouds gradually grow much thicker in the afternoon

Polluted clouds are thinner on average compared to the nearby unpolluted clouds, but no gradual thinning is observed

The extreme snowfall over Nam Co basin on 24 October 2006 cannot be reproduced without Lake Nam Co (LNC) and surrounding topography

The hydrothermal effect of LNC plays a dominant role in the formation of the extreme snowfall event

The terrain lifting effect on the westerlies from LNC further amplifies the lake effect snow over the downwind of the lake

We use the strong increase in atmospheric Hg at Chacaltaya mountain in tropical South America during the 2015–2016 El Niño for a case study

In 2015–2016, air mass origin for Chacaltaya shifted westward, with greatly enhanced influence of the tropical Pacific upper troposphere (UT)

Our results suggest that interhemispheric exchange in the tropical Pacific UT can bring Northern Hemisphere Hg to Chacaltaya

Monitoring earth-air using an innovatively-designed trap, RH and temperature is found to fluctuate with atmospheric pressure

Atmospheric pressure and the RH of earth-air at 30 cm depth correlate up to −0.75 for periods up to 20 days

Fingerprint evidence from moisture/temperature shows that there is earth-air rising and falling due to atmospheric pumping

The storage in unsaturated area is uniform in the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model but follows the maximum storage capacity distribution in TOPography-based hydrological model (TOPMODEL)

The water table is topography-controlled in the TOPMODEL but climatic lower limit-controlled in the VIC model

The systematic variation of water table and storage distribution potentially provides a framework to unify the TOPMODEL and VIC model

The total number and abundance of detected Nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) increased significantly during air pollution episodes

The quantified NACs exhibited higher levels in winter than summer, largely owing to air masses passing through northern heating regions

Controlling NO_x and aromatic volatile organic compounds emissions could significantly reduce the NAC formation

Global and regional trends in fog days are determined with the original Global Surface Summary of the Day ground station data

Deviations in the daily mean visibility timeseries are found during fog days, indicating a potential change in fog day determination

A method is constructed to remove stations with artificial trends, and the fog day trends in the remaining 1,696 are explored

Analyze the effects of precipitation, total water storage anomaly, radiation, and vegetation on ET using the wavelet coherence phase

The phase patterns have a south-north and west-east divide due to significant variation in the climatic conditions of the Amazon

Drought events are closely related to controls of ET by P, TWSA, DSR, and LAI

Internal climate variability plays a crucial role in the Eurasian winter surface air temperature trends of the past decades

Arctic Oscillation and Scandinavian patterns are two essential internal dynamical factors associated with the temperature trends

Snow cover is the key internal thermodynamical factor associated with the temperature trends

Using a gravity-wave-permitting general circulation model, vertical wavenumber () spectra in the whole middle atmosphere were examined

Characteristics of the model-simulated spectra of gravity waves are broadly consistent with observations

Disturbances other than gravity waves contribute substantially to the lowest part of the ∼ range

Simultaneous measurement was carried out in Beijing and Sanmenxia with detailed observation data

The most important HONO source was homogeneous reaction in the daytime and NO₂ heterogeneous reactions in the nighttime at two sites

HONO from coal combustion and NO₂ heterogeneous reaction on the aerosol surface was important in Sanmenxia

Physiological and radiative effects of CO₂ both dampen the diurnal cycle of rainfall in tropical forest regions

Physiological effect of CO₂ reduces transpiration, dries boundary layer, and raises the lifting condensation level, decreasing deep convective rainfall

Radiative effect of CO₂ reduces Convective Available Potential Energy leading to reductions in deep convective frequency and rainfall

During surface-based inversion events, the PM_2.5 concentration was 4.8 μg m⁻³ larger (median) at 3 m above ground level than at 20 m

Titration of ozone was more frequent at 3 m than at 20 m, indicating oxidation chemistry differences with altitude

Vertical differences in PM_2.5 concentration and ozone were greatest during surface-based inversion events

Goddard Earth Observing System-Version 5 and Community Earth System Model Version 1 predict similar removal timescales of stratospheric smoke injected by megafires

Removal timescales of smoke with a 2% effective mass fraction of black carbon match observations

Removal timescales and plume peak heights are sensitive to injection height, loading, and mixing state

Ground-based observations show variations in cloud droplet number (+100%) and their radius (−14%) associated with high phytoplankton activity

The biota-induced variations in stratiform cloud microphysics are comparable in magnitude to those generated by anthropogenic inputs

Cloud optical properties mainly respond to meteorology, however, the increase in summer droplet number contributes to enhanced albedo

Charge transfer between ice surfaces is from a curved surface to a flat surface in undersaturated and near-saturation environments

Conditions for a quasi-liquid layer (QLL) disappear at contact; a new QLL must be established about any bridging spicules

Flow in the QLL is parallel (not transverse) to the QLL-bulk interface

The Continent-influenced and Marine-influenced WSOC were significantly affected by anthropogenic and oceanic emissions, respectively

The Continental-influenced WSOC was more enriched in aromatic compounds, with stronger light absorption capacity than Marine-influenced WSOC

Difference in response and correlation coefficients of MAE₃₆₅ to AAE in different regions may be related to varied aromatic compound contents