Analyses of surface Antarctic blue ice offer a reconstruction of temperature changes at different elevations during the last deglaciation

This study presents the first reconstruction of lapse rate evolution during the last deglaciation beyond the 40°N–40°S latitudinal band

No elevation-dependent warming (i.e., lapse rates remain constant) is registered in Antarctica during the last deglaciation

Climate models project spatially less even daily precipitation over land and ocean in both tropics and extratropics under global warming

The distribution of daily precipitation over the year becomes less even over many land regions under global warming

GCM precipitation evenness trends can be interpreted with a scaling model linking mean precipitation, event intensity and dry day fraction

A convolutional neural network (UNET) is set and trained to predict temperature anomalies

This pilot study is carried out in an idealized framework using only data from the large MIROC6 ensemble

UNET exhibits excellent skills, with correlations higher than 0.9 over Europe, higher than analogs

The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission offers simultaneous and synoptic estimates of river discharge and other hydrological variables globally

Results show that SWOT can track discharge dynamics without gauge information, with correct magnitude in some cases but with bias in others

SWOT has the potential to provide valuable insights into global river discharge estimation, with implications for hydrologic science

Tuaheni North is a large submarine landslide that transported approximately 11.2 km³ of debris

Two distinct mass transport units that are linked to separate source areas indicate at least two major slope failures

Based on the gas hydrate response to post-slide sediment cooling, the slope failures are dated to ∼37,000- and 23,000-year BP

We document the occurrence of nine small earthquakes in the upper mantle beneath Wyoming and Utah between 1979 and 2023

The earthquakes occurred along the western edge of the Wyoming Craton at relatively high temperatures (>700°C)

Brittle and ductile (thermal runaway) source processes are likely facilitated by relatively high strain rates from mantle convection

Nonlinear EMIC waves observed in the dayside uniform zone, caused by solar wind compression, meet conditions for the nonlinear wave growth

The significant flux drop-out of electrons within energies of 0.6–4 MeV was associated with the intense EMIC rising-tone emissions

Nonlinear EMIC emissions cause a rapid loss of MeV electrons by nonlinear effect and extend scattering to sub-MeV by nonresonant effect

Fresh magnetosome chains of magnetotactic bacteria were detected in deep oxygen-gradient zone near (<15 m) the sediment/crust interface

Selective magnetic parameters reveal microbial activity in past oxic/suboxic transition zones of bottom-up oxygenated sediments

Oxygen-rich low-temperature hydrothermal fluids in young oceanic crust can support microaerophilic life in the overlying bottom sediment

We link the occurrence of anomalously warm European summers to sub-decadal North Atlantic ocean heat accumulation within a decadal prediction system

Our novel ensemble selection technique notably increases the prediction skill of anomalously warm European summers several years in advance

We present a powerful tool that can be applied to operational climate predictions on both interannual and sub-decadal timescales

Variations in local topography are linked with anomalies in the isotopic composition of surface snow and in accumulation rates

Windward slopes exhibit depleted isotopic values and increased accumulation, while leeward slopes show the opposite pattern

This induces millennial scale non-climatic variations in ice-cores explaining differing isotopic histories in the nearby cores B31 and B32

We estimated focal mechanisms using the S/P amplitude ratio from Distributed Acoustic Sensing records

The estimated focal mechanisms were consistent with the initial polarity distribution from conventional seismograms

This method can estimate the mechanism for a single event without correcting the cable geometry

The highest values of spectral curvature between 300 and 600 nm map the youngest geological features of Mercury

The spectral curvature on Mercury is well preserved near the cold poles and affected by thermal weathering near the hot poles

The impact of rising $${\text{CO}}_{2}$$ on African summer monsoon rainfall is climate dependent

Under interglacial climate background, a rise in $${\text{CO}}_{2}$$ can enhance northern Africa precipitation by increasing atmospheric moisture content

In glacial times, a rise in $${\text{CO}}_{2}$$ facilitates a dryness over most northern Africa, primarily due to a weakened tropical circulation

We predict the possible CO Cameron-band emission brightness at Venus using VEx electron observations by applying an empirical relationship

To reproduce PVO observations, electron acceleration is not needed, but magnetic topology limits the occurrence of aurorae at Venus

Auroral imaging at Venus can serve as remote sensing of the magnetic state of the Venus nightside ionosphere and magnetosphere

Simulated Pacific Coastal Niños mainly occur in May and June, but strongest precipitation is associated with events earlier in the year

In CESM the evolution of Coastal Niños is governed by equatorial waves and background conditions in the equatorial and subtropical Pacific

Occurrence of Coastal Niños increases the chance for the development of basin-wide El Niño events arising from cold or neutral states

We show the first water surface elevation results in wetlands from the SWOT satellite mission

SWOT's water surface elevations are highly accurate in large herbaceous wetlands, achieving a 68th percentile error of 6.4 cm

SWOT can accurately track seasonal water level variations of less than 20 cm in large graminoid wetlands

Auroral acceleration potentials at Uranus are predicted to be Earth-like, that is, a few kilovolts

Joule heating associated with auroral precipitation at Uranus is predicted to be up to ∼1 mW/m²

Peak differential energy fluxes of precipitating electrons at Uranus are predicted to be ∼5 × 10⁷ cm⁻² s⁻¹ sr⁻¹ eV/eV

Titan's high-altitude south polar cloud descended from an altitude of over 300 km in early southern fall to about 200 km by late fall

The south polar cloud expanded horizontally from about 80°S in early southern fall to about 64.5°S by late fall

Existing measurements and models significantly overestimate polar stratospheric temperatures throughout southern fall

Taylor's Hypothesis is applied to calculate spatial second-order structure functions of horizontal winds $$\left({D}_{2}\right)$$ in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere region

The 2D turbulence prediction of a combined energy and enstrophy subrange is evaluated using fits on $${D}_{2}$$

Height profiles of spectral energy flux proxies exhibit minima at fixed altitudes around 11 km. Enstrophy flux proxies decrease with height

CO₂ frost-fluidized flows erode on slopes lower than the typical angle of repose for geologic materials

The erosional and depositional slopes of CO₂ frost-fluidized flows are consistent with forming complete gully landforms

CO₂ frost-fluidized flows could account for the complete formation history of gullies

The proton-alpha streaming instability caused by the cross-shock potential can excite ion-acoustic waves

Theory and a simulation of the instability yield results consistent with observations

The instability results in ion heating and reduces the relative drift between ion species

Reliable modeling of oceanic diurnal warming is both desirable and challenging to achieve consistently on the global scale

Accounting for atmospheric and in-water effects due to varying water vapor and solar zenith angle produces substantial changes in warming

The new insolation scheme shows improvement cf. a similarly derived set of static coefficients when compared to satellite observations

Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) teleconnections are significantly modulated by El Niño during early MJO phases and by La Niña during late MJO phases during austral summer

El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the MJO have the weakest non-linear interactions in austral summer

ENSO's contributions to MJO teleconnections to the SH extratropics are asymmetric between El Niño and La Niña during austral summer

The climatology of rain-on-snow (ROS) events is presented by normalizing ROS instances with the snowpack duration

High-altitude mountainous watersheds and high-latitude coastal regions are at an elevated ROS risk in North America

Trends in rainfall excess and snowmelt in south central Alaska, the Olympic Mountains, and the Sierra Nevada highlight rising ROS flood risk

Converting an inherently Eularian satellite granule to a Lagrangian frame allows for in-depth analysis of cloud property transformations

These clouds show decreasing cloud droplet number concentration and increasing cloud water path and droplet effective radius with time

In some events studied, the cloud top glaciated as expected within 10 hr; in others, it failed to glaciate throughout the entire event

Stress change in cohesive zone can be computed from laboratory rupture experiments

Stress in cohesive zone is complex for slow ruptures

Rupture energy budget is consistent with dynamics, despite complexity in slip rate

We propose a new mechanism to explain why equatorial West Pacific SSTs peak once a year and why El Niño/Southern Oscillation is phase-locked to the seasonal cycle

Warm air advection from the Asian Monsoon makes the West Pacific warmest in boreal fall despite incoming sunlight peaking twice a year

The resulting seasonality of Pacific SSTs and the Walker Circulation leads to El Niño and La Niña events peaking in boreal winter

We investigate ion velocity distributions in thin current sheet in the magnetotail at lunar distances

We observe hot (demagnetized, agyrotropic) and cold (beam-like) ion populations drifting duskward and dawnward, respectively

The dawnward drift of cold ions, likely due to E $${\times} $$ B-drift, suppresses the ion current in the spacecraft rest frame

New aerogravity-based bathymetry model of the Venable Ice Shelf maps pathways for warm ocean water to access the grounding line

Intermittent grounding of ice shelf on newly identified pinning point since ∼1935 revealed by analysis of Landsat imagery

Combined analysis of Landsat imagery with bathymetry provides evidence of mid-20th century Bellingshausen Sea sector ice-shelf thinning

The density at which the subpolar overturning streamfunction is maximum is a key precursor of the mid-latitude overturning strength

The density anomaly propagates from the subpolar gyre to 45°N by following the western boundary within a year

The density anomaly over the subpolar gyre is atmospherically driven by changes in buoyancy and wind forcings

Uncertainty in equilibrium climate sensitivity distributions propagates through to future temperature projections

Prior distributions that exclude process and paleoclimate evidence result in the most uncertain future temperature projections

Using simple climate models with a probabilistic framework can help test the effects of different parameter priors on climate projections

Surface Water and Ocean Topography altimetry observed an increase in the number of Loop Current Frontal Eddies (LCFEs) of O(30–40 km) during Hurricane Idalia in the Gulf of Mexico

Increased cold-core, cyclonic LCFEs enhance surface cooling that coincides with high chlorophyll-a and low salinity and may weaken hurricanes

Data-assimilated HYCOM GOFS 3.1 Sea Surface Height analysis resolves substantial storm surge along the Florida coast

Central Pacific (CP) El Niño induces the Pacific North America pattern more efficiently than Eastern Pacific El Niño during boreal autumn

CP El Niño has stronger teleconnections due to enhanced convection and a westward-shifted regional Hadley circulation

The westward-shifted Hadley circulation amplifies CP-induced Rossby wave trains by enhancing interactions with the subtropical jet

Application of province-specific soil moisture thresholds generates improved simulation of irrigation water and a lower model error by 30%

Substantial cooling and moistening by irrigation are revealed by long-term weather records and optimized irrigation-climate simulations

Despite alleviating extreme high-temperatures, agricultural irrigation intensifies the occurrence and population exposure of humid heat

The North Atlantic shows the potential for abrupt changes in sea surface temperature linked to decadal variability in coupled processes

The abrupt cooling and subsequent warming may have significant implications for impacts and adaption, particularly over the British Isles

Using observational constraints, the model-derived likelihood of an abrupt change in North Atlantic temperatures approximately doubles

Under increasing $${\text{CO}}_{2}$$, models project extratropical stratospheric ozone to increase except around 10 km (lower dip) and 17 km (upper dip)

The lower dip is due to expansion of the extratropical troposphere, whereas the upper dip is due to expansion of the tropical troposphere

Seasonality of the stratospheric overturning circulation helps explain why the lower dip peaks in winter and the upper dip peaks in summer

A machine learning-based model is proposed to infer sea surface velocity from Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) data

This model can reduce the differences between SWOT velocity and total velocity, up to 60% in low-latitude regions

CMAQ with default inputs underestimates PM_2.5 concentrations by 72.9% on the Tibetan Plateau (TP)

Discrepancies in anthropogenic emission inventories lead to inaccurate PM_2.5 predictions

Modeling with adjusted emissions reveals a seasonal underestimation in local anthropogenic emissions on the TP by 82.6%–92.6%

Wetland vegetation provides stronger cooling effects in semi-arid regions compared to humid regions

Spatial variation in cooling effects is driven by aerodynamic and surface resistance, as well as air temperature feedback

Restoring wetlands in semi-arid zones offers greater cooling potential, highlighting their importance in climate mitigation strategies

Comminuted talc exhibits slip-weakening behavior, contrary to the conventional view of frictional stability with slip-strengthening

Hydrophobic talc turned hydrophilic after ball milling, reaching a water weight fraction of 0.13 with a reduced contact angle (64°–22°)

Numerical simulation shows hydrophilic talc leads to strong thermal pressurization and near-zero shear stress during seismic slip

The asymmetric temperature response to zonal wind-stress forcing in the western Pacific is commonly underestimated by ocean models

A generally weaker zonal currents in ocean models than in the observations is a cause of the underestimated asymmetric temperature response

The weaker zonal current response in ocean models is linked to a less steep zonal tilt of the thermocline

Sensitivities of runoff, snow, and evapotranspiration to warming decrease as temperatures warm for three major western US river basins

Responses of runoff loss to warming are generally weaker in subbasins with less snow

Decelerated snow cover shrinkage and earlier melt timing weaken snowmelt-radiation feedback, decreasing runoff sensitivity to warming

Downward and equatorward transport of ozone-rich polar air due to the 2019 sudden warming enhanced mid-latitude tropopause-region ozone

Pyrocumulonimbus during the 2019–2020 Australian fires injected ozone precursors near the tropopause, causing chemical ozone production

Dynamical and chemical pathways both contributed to the record-high Southern Hemisphere mid-latitude ozone observed in January 2020

At equatorial subsurface, the weakened Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) results in a cooling in the western Pacific while a fast warming over the entire Atlantic

At equatorial surface, the weakened AMOC induces Niño-like sea surface temperature warming as well as strengthened atmospheric stratification in both basins

The weakened-AMOC-induced mean climate changes lead to opposite responses of El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Atlantic Niño/Niña in the 21st century

Winds and turbulent kinetic energy are maximized in the hurricane eyewall, where boundary layer rolls are most prominent and vigorous

Three-dimensional boundary layer rolls three-dimensional structures act to bring down stronger winds from aloft toward the surface

The core of Atlantic Water in the Eurasian Basin has been cooling and sinking over the past 30 years

The decrease in volume and increase in salinity of the Fram Strait inflow dominate the Atlantic Water core changes

The cooling of Atlantic Water and enhanced stratification reduce upward heat transport, contributing to slower sea ice melting

East Asia likely had a configuration of Coastal, Taihang, and Yanshan Mountains during the Late Cretaceous

East Asian mountains led to local warming via clouds and drying through mean flow and eddies

Coastal mountains dominated East Asian climate changes, while the Taihang and Yanshan Mountains amplified this effect

The shorelines in stratigraphic record reflect incorrect positions when coeval gravity-driven deformation occurs on a viscous substrate

Reconstructing real shoreline trajectories can be very difficult when a viscous substrate is present

The geometry of shoreline trajectories is governed by both the evolution of the sedimentary system and syn-depositional deformation

Negative pyrite Δ³³S values, seen in Phanerozoic extinctions, are newly identified in a Cariaco Basin sediment core

Magnitudes of negative pyrite Δ³³S values are linked to the frequency of redox fluctuations

The most negative pyrite Δ³³S value occurs during frequent millennial- and centennial-redox oscillations

Millennial-scale changes in fire intensity in the Mongolian Altai are mainly controlled by moisture-regulated biofuel availability

Centennial-scale cold intervals reduced the fire event frequency

Future fire risks in the Altai Mountains are expected to increase with global warming

Standing waves in rivers indicate unique hydraulic conditions that allow depth and velocity to be inferred from the spacing of the waves

Critical flow theory can be used to calculate discharge based on measurements of wavelength and width made using readily available images

Discharges estimated via the critical flow approach for 82 images agreed closely with discharges recorded at gaging stations ($${R}^{2}$$ = 0.98)

An enhanced RecNet model for reconstructing total water storage anomalies (TWSA) is introduced over the Lake Victoria Basin (LVB)

The reconstruction outperforms hydrological models and reanalysis products in capturing the LVB's TWSA trends and amplitudes

The reconstructed TWSA effectively closes the LVB's water balance budget

Reduced tropical cyclone activity contributes approximately 33% to the strengthening of the anticyclone during El Niños

The decline in tropical cyclone activity is primarily driven by negative relative humidity anomalies

Our findings align with the circulation theorem and suggest tropical cyclones may influence El Niño decay

Dust devil tracks (DDTs) on Mars are most common at ±60° lat and in local summer; apparently independent of ambient atmospheric pressure

The global distributions of active dust devils and their tracks generally correspond, with several regional disparities

DDTs form most readily where thin layers of dust overlie coarser-grained material and may contribute to lower albedos regionally

A peculiar discontinuous ionospheric latitudinal variation was observed during November 2003 superstorm

It may be related to the vortex-like structure in thermospheric composition that lasted 3–4 hr

The storm-time circulation during this event may have provided favorable conditions for the formation of a vortex-like structure

Aerosols can constrain fog duration trends over Indo-Gangetic Plain

Aerosol-cloud interaction effects cause the intensification of nighttime fog

Aerosol-radiative effects promote calm, cool, and moist conditions during daytime and prolong fog dissipation

The tropical cyclone (TC) maximum rainfall increases by about 8.65%/K and the spatial extent of the rainfall slightly decreases by about 1.79%/K

The TC maximum rainfall strongly correlates with a moisture convergence proxy

The proxy is the maximum wind at the top of the boundary layer times the column water vapor divided by the radius of maximum wind

Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) captures stronger velocities than previous altimetry products, with velocities higher than 1.8 m $${\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$$ being on average 50% larger

SWOT's superior spatial resolution reveals submesoscale circulations $$(Ro\sim 1)$$ and sharper fronts associated with the Agulhas Retroflection

In situ drifter and glider velocity observations $${ >} $$0.5 m $${\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$$ are more closely correlated to SWOT compared to previous altimetry products

A high-resolution deep seismic profile in the eastern Yangtze Craton reveals SE-dipping mantle reflections to at least ∼100 km depth

The mantle reflections beneath the nearly flat Moho indicate a fossil subduction zone during the assembly of the Yangtze Craton

This mantle suture zone controlled the transition of thick-to thin-skinned thrust structures during Jurassic crustal shortening

Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) forecast skills, derived from model-analogs, exhibit significant diversity across models

IOD prediction accuracy is linked to equatorial Pacific cold tongue errors

A stronger cold tongue bias reduces IOD prediction skills through a weaker ENSO-IOD connection

Laboratory experiments first observed discharge of contaminants in a coastal semi-confined aquifer into the saltwater wedge of the overlying unconfined aquifer

Transport of contaminants from semi-confined aquifers was slowed by two distinct retention mechanisms, both involving mixing processes with saltwater wedges

Residence times of contaminants in semi-confined aquifers exhibited a non-monotonic trend with reduced aquitard permeability

The area of mangrove in South Florida experienced four sharp declines, with a slow recovery after each decline

Mangroves loss showed an exponential decrease landward during tropical cyclones, while vegetation fringe extended seaward in fair weather

Sea-level rise contributed insignificantly to mangrove deterioration in South Florida

During friction experiments on simulated bassanite gouges, pore pressure occurs due to the dehydration of bassanite

The Avrami kinetics of dehydration bassanite represents the information on pore structures

The amounts of stress drop and recurrence intervals of stick-slip are controlled by dehydration kinetics of hydrous minerals

From a survey of 60 orbits, we identify 7 broadband-kilometric (bKOM) sources of Jovian auroral radio emissions crossed by Juno

Four bKOM sources are associated with dawn storm-type ultraviolet aurorae, three of which are colocated with auroral cavities

The bKOM sources are driven by the Cyclotron Maser Instability by conics and sometimes shell electron distribution functions

Energetically based intensification rate equation predicts storms may reach peak intensity within 36 hr after reaching maximum intensification rate

Time interval between peak intensification rate and peak intensity shortens as sea surface temperature increases in idealized full-physics numerical simulations

From 1982 to 2023, the majority of global tropical cyclones peaked in intensity within 36 hr after reaching maximum intensification rate

A constant 4.5 dB offset was applied to all M-WACR reflectivities during the ship-based MARCUS using collocated cloud profiling radar (CPR) measurements

The total cloud fractions (CF_Ts) derived from CPR (CloudSat), HCR (airborne-based SOCRATES), and corrected M-WACR show excellent agreement

CloudSat CPR captured most large drizzle drops but missed a significant portion of small cloud droplets and underestimated CFs below 3 km

El Niño–Southern Oscillation has significant influences seasonal variations in near-surface wind speed (NSWS) across Northeast, North, Southwest, and South China

A 1 K winter Niño 3.4 warming induces wind power density changes exceeding ±10% at 15%–50% of monitoring stations

Coherent variations in 850 hPa wind speeds and NSWS indicate a tight dynamic coupling between the lower troposphere and the near-surface levels

Rainfall is the primary contributing flood driver in both compound and non-compound flood events along the Gulf Coast of the US

In 45% of the analyzed events, coincidence/concurrence of at least two flood drivers led to compound hazard situation

Gulf Coast states are more prone to extreme fluvial and pluvial floods, which are more frequent and severe during tropical and fall seasons

The response of T_max and T_min to sub-daily precipitation varies across different climatic regions of China

Sub-daily precipitation increases T_min in arid regions, while it results in a decrease in T_min in humid regions

In humid regions, the warming trend of T_max during wet weather fails to reach statistical significance

A high-backscatter zone spanning 1.21 km² was proven to be a ferromanganese nodule-rich area via sampling and seafloor video

Ferromanganese deposits in the central basin of the South China Sea are distributed in topographic highlands, not in abyssal basins

Atypical hydrogenetic ferromanganese nodule metallogenesis in marginal seas with low Co contents and high Fe/Co ratios is modeled

Eastward propagating, westward propagating, and stationary oscillating intraseasonal oscillation modes are revealed based on rainfall data

The occurrence of each intraseasonal propagation mode is mutually suppressed by the others during the boreal winters

Vertical zonal wind shear appears to be a critical factor modulating the development of different intraseasonal oscillation modes

Differences in streamflow simulations rise with elevated CO₂, which can be seen in high variability across global water model simulations

Shape of functional relationships linking eCO₂-vegetation-streamflow and climate/land traits varies unevenly across models and observations

We call for more catchment observations to define forms and parameters of vegetation growth and stomatal behavior under diverse conditions

Pottery shards from southern China, dated to 6,000 years ago, recorded paleointensity values ranging from 14.1 to 26.4 μT (20.7 ± 4.4 μT)

These low paleointensities suggest an anomalous geomagnetic field behavior

The findings indicate the West Pacific Anomaly likely recurred in Southeast Asia 6,000 years ago

Sea ice melt pond formation is strongly predetermined by depressions in the surface topography

We derive high predictability of melt pond fraction from pre-melt topography and melt volume estimates

We assess the potential to predict precise locations of melt pond formation from the winter topography

Cyclic deformation experiments on olivine were performed at upper mantle pressures

Activity of acoustic emissions are limited when the differential stress exceeds the previous maximum stress

The stress memory effect breaks down if the accumulated back stress is released

A global assessment of non-stationary changes in marine heatwave (MHW) return periods is presented

At the 100-year return level, the global mean MHW frequency, intensity, and duration have increased by 67%, 23%, and 137%, respectively

The increase in MHWs is primarily attributed to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, which account for over 80% of the changes

The side-strike lightning flashes account for approximately 21% (19/91) of downward negative cloud-to-ground lightning flashes to Canton Tower

The higher the lightning strike position on the tall object, the longer the lightning striking distance

The peak current of the first return stroke of lightning striking at the tower's top is significantly greater than that of side-strike lightning