Sea surface temperature based fingerprint of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) changes under different forcing scenarios

AMOC in steep decline significantly contributes to North Atlantic warming hole formation, largely due to cloud radiative forcing

AMOC plays a smaller role in North Atlantic SST variability in historical period and after CO₂ stabilization than during significant warming

We use P-to-S receiver function analysis to identify negative velocity gradients beneath New England

We find evidence for prominent negative velocity gradients between ∼60 and 110 km depth across stations of the NEST array

We infer relatively thin continental lithosphere above the Northern Appalachian Anomaly (NAA) in the upper mantle

Tree-ring series from ENSO rainfall impact regions reconstruct tropical Pacific SSTs with high degrees of skill back to 1500 CE and 1100 CE

Two very different reconstruction methods produce similar results and each can only reconstruct the leading EOF mode of SST variability

Reconstructions extending back 1100 CE indicate a recent increase in El Niño variability, and overall SST warming in the equatorial Pacific

A bathymetric survey of the Sofu Seamount was conducted after the unique T-phase dominant earthquakes and tsunamis on 8 October 2023

Compared to data in 1987, the caldera and central cone topography have changed, indicating that this seamount is an active submarine volcano

The observed seafloor displacement at the caldera scale may have contributed to the source of the tsunami on 8 October 2023

Mangroves along typical deltas are expanding seaward of about 18% ± 12% m/yr, indicating that there is little impacts from sea level rise

Mangrove expansion here can efficiently offset 67% landward mangrove losses

New model project that 90% of mangrove fringes may start retreating within 132–194 years, and wave-dominated delta present early inundation

Chlorophyll-induced solar absorption leads to colder Pacific coastal upwelling but warmer Atlantic coastal upwelling

In Pacific, chlorophyll-induced temperature variations intensify ocean stratification and coastal upwelling, in contrast to Atlantic

Chlorophyll-induced variations in ocean physics trigger positive feedback, enhancing chlorophyll distributions in coastal upwelling regions

RIMFAX-detected interfaces are within SHARAD's ranges; however, no reflector can be identified in standard radar data at overlap regions

Resolution improvements and clutter mitigation techniques still highlight a lack of detectable subsurface reflections

Rough surface, volume scattering and attenuation over older volcanics (>1.5 Ga) significantly inhibits orbital data interpretation

Rainfall interception loss exhibits increasing trends globally

Its multi-decadal trends are driven by vegetation greening and warming, whereas interannual variations are controlled by precipitation

ENSO regulates rainfall interception loss largely through its influence on precipitation dynamics

Generation, propagation, and amplification characteristics of a tsunami following the 2024 Noto Peninsula Earthquake were investigated

Significant sea-surface displacements were concentrated in the northeastern part of the source area

Waves propagating in alongshore directions and their superposition greatly contributed to coastal damage in Iida Bay

Our statistical survey indicates that interchange events occur over L (or M)-shells ∼6–26 at Jupiter with a peak occurrence rate at M ∼ 17

During interchange events, various types of plasma waves are intensified, each exhibiting a distinct preferential location

The duration and the corresponding spatial extent of interchange events are analyzed for multiple events

The dawn-dusk asymmetry between 10 and 40 RJ is modulated by the Vasyliūnas cycle, featuring super-corotating flows in the pre-dawn sector

The flux tubes are depleted and accelerated on the dawnside, while they are dense and sub-corotational on the duskside

The temperature difference between inflows and outflows suggests physically distinct origins

Opal ballasting varies by more than a factor of six across ocean regions; calcium carbonate ballasting is uniform

Silicate concentration predicts opal ballasting which suggests that the latter varies with diatom frustule thickness

This emergent relationship's absence from a sophisticated biogeochemical model indicates it holds useful information for constraining models

Simulated ERA5 and km-scale ICON-LAM wind speeds are evaluated and corresponding southern Africa wind energy potentials are calculated

ERA5 underestimates 60 m wind speed, whereas ICON-LAM produces lower biases in the wind speed simulations

Higher wind energy potentials are revealed from wind speeds simulated by ICON-LAM compared to ERA5, which is often used for such assessments

We develop new ecosystem model for phytoplankton phenology during ice-covered to open-water periods using observations from the Chukchi Sea

The model successfully captures the succession of phytoplankton groups reported by previous studies, not resolved by previous models

The model predicts that dominant phytoplankton groups can be significantly altered by future sea ice scenarios

pH and Ω_arag declined significantly from 2002 to 2018 during sea-ice melting season, 4–6 times greater than air CO₂ increases-induced changes

The enhanced acidification in the Chukchi Sea is mainly driven by increased DIC, owing to atmospheric CO₂ uptake and biological activity

PWW has been in aragonite undersaturation since 2010; other water masses are expected to encounter Ω_arag < 1 in 15 years

From a 2005–2006 simulation, it takes about 3 years for water to reach the grounding lines from the edge of the Amundsen Sea Embayment

The simulation shows the Antarctic Coastal Current contributing equal amounts of water to Pine Island and Thwaites as off-shelf sources

SOhi results indicate that 1/4 to 2/3 of the cooling between the shelf break and the grounding lines occurs within the cavities

Novel co-retrieval of SO₂ and sulfate aerosol from Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) used to study the dispersion of the Hunga plume over the entire year 2022

Rapid conversion of SO₂ (2 weeks e-folding time) and long-lasting sulfate aerosol observed

Larger SO₂ injected mass burden (>1.0 Tg) than previously thought and a large sulfate aerosol total burden (1.6 Tg) estimated

The “deep tropical contraction” in the early Eocene is caused by the equatorward migration of the seasonal ITCZ

The equatorward migration of the solstitial ITCZ location in the early Eocene is due to decreased cross-equatorial energy transport

The enhanced wind-evaporation effect in the early Eocene reduces the cross-equatorial atmospheric energy transport in the solstitial seasons

We compile a more complete tectonic tremor catalog for western Japan using a clustering method based on event features

Event duration, newly defined using energy radiation, clearly separates tectonic tremors from fast earthquakes

Tectonic tremors, ranging in duration from 0.3 to 100 s, are consistent with the scaling law of slow earthquakes

The new lifetime model provides extended space coverage in comparison to current widely used lifetime models

Such parameterized lifetimes are very significant for simulations of the dynamics of radiation belt and ring current electrons

Using the new electron lifetime model in simulations improves the agreement between the simulation results and the satellite observations

Unsupervised learning separated regular earthquakes and precursory mixed frequency earthquakes (MFEs) based on different spectral patterns

The regular earthquakes have strong tidal modulation, corresponding to failures on the caldera ring faults triggered by tidal stress changes

The MFEs intensify 15 hr before eruption and migrate along pre-existing fissures, likely associated with eruption preparation processes

Ten air-sea buoys for winds and fluxes, deployed with wave buoys in four experiments, improve nearshore wind stress observation gaps

Supervised machine learning enhances nearshore wind stress predictions, yielding parameterized variable responses without preconceptions

Nearshore wind stress parameterizations relative to the open-ocean have similar variable responses though with small nonlinear differences

¹⁰Be-in-quartz denudation rates of the rapidly uplifting Suckling-Dayman Metamorphic Core Complex are in the range of 0.02–0.18 mm/yr

Rapid, intense weathering of its metabasaltic footwall bedrock is implied by mobile and immobile weathering indices in soil samples

The pristine topography of Mount Dayman is strongly influenced by rolling hinge-style tectonics and the tropical weathering regime

Controlled laboratory experiments with repeated swash impacts reveal positive and negative feedback mechanisms in abrasion notch formation

Notch geometry varies over time and is determined by swash impact location, vortex formation and sediment deposition

Grain size modulates beach shape and sediment-laden bore momentum, collectively influencing notch development

Ocean surface gravity waves at 15–40 mHz were excited at 4:00 UTC when an underwater eruption occurred at Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai Volcano

A significant sub-event at about 8:40 UTC followed the main event, and the ocean surface gravity waves lasted for half a day

The observations of ocean surface gravity waves suggest a blowout of seawater above the summit and the inflow of seawater into the crater

Fire history is recorded by charcoal in bat guano

Bat guano can differentiate human-set fires from wildfires

Bat behavior governs seasonal lens of guano as fire recorder

A major solar particle event (SPE) was simultaneously measured by multiple detectors both on the surface and in orbit of Mars

The first analysis of a SPE at Mars measured by the Tianwen-1 Mars orbiter serves to verify its capacity in high-energy particle detection

We compare the radiation measurements, both on the surface and in orbit of Mars, with results derived from data-based models

Pore-scale unfrozen water can be interconnected, enabling fast mass transport below 0°C when soil contains salt

Rapid freezing enhances unfrozen water connectivity and permeability due to less and slower salt migration during freezing

Permeability of frozen saline sand can be several orders of magnitude higher than that of salt-free soil

The relationship between the Northwest Pacific subtropical high (NWPSH) in May-June and July-August has significantly weakened after 2002

The reason for weakening relationship of NWPSH is that the persistent eastern ENSO has become a short-period central ENSO after 2002

Central ENSO will become Pacific Dipole mode in summer, which will weaken the influence of North Indian Ocean on NWPSH

Rivers partition inorganic carbon between downstream transport and $${\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$$ emissions to the atmosphere

Incorporating key hydrodynamic and biogeochemical processes, we identify the dimensionless numbers that govern the inorganic carbon partitioning

Water hydrodynamics plays a critical role in the fate of the carbon that is out of equilibrium with the atmosphere

We construct velocity and strain rate fields covering 1.3 million km² of SE Tibet from Sentinel-1 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar

Deformation is partitioned approximately equally between focused strain on the main mapped faults and diffuse deformation

Direct inversion of strain rates removes the requirement to define artificial “blocks” and gives a better match to geological slip rates

We explore stratospheric injections of six solid particles and gaseous SO₂ within a climate model with comprehensive aerosol microphysics

Accounting for settling and agglomeration of solid particles can substantially reduce the radiative forcing (RF) per unit of injected material

Injection of diamond particles (r = 150 nm) instead of SO₂ largely reduces stratospheric temperature, circulation and water vapor anomalies

Planted forests showed slightly lower greenness than paired natural forests in Southern China from 1987 to 2021

Over the past 40 years, the greening trends of planted forests were overall 7.0% lower than natural forests in Southern China

Environmental change, and not human interventions, was likely the dominant cause of observed greening in Southern China

Magnetite shows resistance to oxidation by oxyhalogen compounds (chlorate and bromate) in Mars-relevant fluids

Non-stoichiometric magnetite on Mars may be formed by aqueous alteration of stoichiometric magnetite by oxyhalogen compounds

Magnetite likely preserves geochemical, paleomagnetic and astrobiological information and is an important target mineral in Mars return samples

The bay-scale brine-seawater interface (BSI) is a long mixing zone with underground water salinity ranging from high to low from land to sea

The nearshore seabed fine sand area and offshore pockmarked area are the main windows for underground brine discharge

The BSI morphology and submarine groundwater discharge/exchange windows can be identified by comprehensive geophysical detection results

Flow capacity exceedance events, predictors of blocking onset in the traffic jam theory, are defined and evaluated in climate reanalyses

A downstream reduction in flow capacity is ubiquitous for both exceedance and blocking events: lane closures favor traffic jams

Blocks are co-located with exceedance events in space but not in time, limiting the utility of the traffic jam theory for prediction

Deltas transition from avulsion-dominated with localized depocenters to more diffuse and alongshore-deflected wave-dominated depocenters

Bypass increases and trapping decreases abruptly when longshore transport (LST) at the river mouth equals river sediment transport (Q_s)

LST under large-scale blocking due to mouth bar and shoreface adjustment feeds wave-dominated updrift beach ridge plains (strandplains)

We project how climate change reshapes seasonality of US outdoor days

Future climate change will likely result in a northwest-southeast disparity in the projected change of annual outdoor days in the US

We provide new evidence of the impact of global warming on the quality of human life, travel, and tourism in the US

Plasma lifting during the storm caused midlatitude displacements of ionospheric peak height by as much as 300 km over the course of 1 hour

Sporadic-E is observed at the sub-auroral convective boundary edge of the storm-enhanced density with strong plasma drift shears present

Severe depletion of electron density at mid and high latitudes significantly reduced the impact of subsequent geomagnetic activity on GNSS

Magnetospheric line radiation may have a fine temporal structure related to the wave bouncing between hemispheres

Analysis of the corresponding modulation periods allows estimation of the L-shell of a tentative source

Tentative source locations of analyzed events with the fine temporal structure correlate with the model plasmapause locations

Seismic mapping, offshore channels and depressions, thrust-fault structures, ice advance dynamics, Jasmund Glacitectonic Complex, Rügen Island and surrounding Baltic Sea, NE Germany

Global Navigation Satellite System Refractometry offers unprecedented sampling, unveiling Amazon's diurnal vegetation water content

Vegetation water content generally peaks in mornings, fluctuating significantly throughout the day

Amazonian peatland's VWC diurnal cycle correlates strongly $$(R=0.8)$$ with vapor pressure deficit, proposed as a water stress indicator

A semi-supervised neural network is developed for rock-slope failure monitoring with Distributed Acoustic Sensing at Brienz, Switzerland

Our model achieves over 95% precision for rock slope failures detected by a Doppler radar system over 45 days

The sustained detection of slope failures before the major collapse highlights the potential of our approach for early warning

The estimated LES/CRM entrainment rates increase with increasing resolution, and the growth rate is roughly power-law related to resolution

The majority of entrainment schemes fail to reproduce the monotonic increase in entrainment rate with increasing resolution

Entrainment scaling helps reduce the parcel buoyancy and thus the convective available potential energy toward higher resolutions

We use nonlinear gradient descent to optimize initial conditions for weather forecasting with machine learning models

Application to the Pacific Northwest June 2021 heatwave reduces 10-day forecast error by over 90 percent

Forecast improvements are not sensitive to the forecast model, and derive mainly from analysis errors on synoptic and larger scales

Plant growths in tundra are stimulated by surface temperature which is higher than air temperature in summer months

Forcing temperature is crucial in determining high-latitude vegetation structure and productivity

Nor surface or air temperature can sufficiently capture plant temperature dynamics

Residual sea surface height anomalies from the cold wakes of Tropical Cyclones are analyzed using a multi-modal approach at global scale

A scaling law provides a robust interpretation of the baroclinic response to given ocean stratification and forcing conditions

High resolution measurements are found critical to correctly anticipate the SSHA amplitudes with localized pre-storm ocean stratification

The Niño3.4 sea surface temperature (SST) in 2023/24 indicated a moderate El Niño. However, the westerly anomaly in the western Pacific was not evident

The weak westerly in response to the Niño3.4 SST indicated a weak air-sea coupling for the 2023/24 El Niño

The North Atlantic Tripole and extratropical North Pacific extreme SSTs play a crucial role in modulating 2023/24 El Niño

The black carbon (BC) inventory and distribution in Chinese forest soils on a large geographic scale were first determined

Machine learning (ML) models exhibited superior prediction accuracy for BC with higher condensed aromaticity

Soil organic matter properties were the most critical in predicting BC content

The depth at which Antarctic meltwater enters the ocean influences global sea level change patterns simulated with an idealized model

The sea level change patterns tend to travel more slowly across the global ocean when meltwater fluxes occur at depth

The propagation speed of the pattern is dictated primarily by the steric response to the depth of the meltwater fluxes

Revised co- and postseismic slip models account for forearc-backarc coupling by allowing slip on the Argentine Precordillera décollement

Observed continuous and survey Global Navigation Satellite System displacements on both sides of the Andes are better explained by models with a décollement

Adding a décollement significantly reduces megathrust coseismic slip and afterslip overlap, compatible with rate and state friction law

For the first time, a relationship between Ocean and Land Color Instrument and Global Navigation Satellite System is observed and defined

An empirical retrieval model is proposed to directly derive high-temporal-resolution water vapor from Ocean and Land Color Instrument data

The newly retrieved water vapor has satisfactory performance when compared with additional Global Navigation Satellite System measurements

The relationship between cumulus entrainment rate and aerosol loading is quantified based on observation for the first time

The plausible physical mechanism linking entrainment rate to aerosol loading has been elucidated

A steeper decline in entrainment rate with increasing aerosol loading is observed in small and weakly buoyant cumulus clouds

General circulation modeling reveals large-scale gravity waves in the upper atmosphere of Saturn that have never been reported before

Waves are forced by Joule heating and ion drag at high-latitude auroral regions, propagate outward and form a global spiral structure

The net dynamical effect of these zonally supersonic and meridionally subsonic waves is to accelerate the westward retrograde jets

Ionospheric conductance is the system response to electron precipitation in the regions of pulsating and discrete auroras

Ionospheric conductance carries the inertias of its development and decay

Conductance formation in pulsating aurora and discrete auroral arcs are defined by multiple temporal scales

The stratospheric water vapor mass has remained essentially unchanged since the Hunga hydration through at least early 2024

Fueled by excess Hunga water vapor, 2023 Antarctic vortex polar stratospheric cloud dehydration exceeded the climatological mean by ∼50%

Given its robust (and potentially accelerating) background moistening trend, the stratosphere could stay anomalously humid for years

When radiative interactions are suppressed, the global-mean eddy kinetic energy increases by ∼6%

Radiative cooling coincident with positive temperature anomalies destroys eddy available potential energy and eddy kinetic energy

The energetic perspective provides a useful way to understand the effect of radiative heating on the general circulation

Electrons are not accelerated to electron Alfvén speed in electron-only magnetic reconnection

Deceleration of electron outflow caused by in-plane Hall electric field should not be ignored

Using satellite height change data we document the discovery of a 52 km² subglacial lake under the Manson Icefield, Nunavut, Canada

The lake filled for around 14 years until early 2021 when the level in the center of the lake dropped by 130 m over 30 days

The outflow volume was around 4 cubic kilometers and created a wide and shallow subglacial channel that could be tracked for over 15 km

Models that overestimate warming rates tend to also overestimate permafrost degradation over High Mountain Asia

An emergent relationship between equilibrium climate sensitivity and surface warming is used to constrain future permafrost projections

The permafrost area will reduce by 37%, 64% and 99% in 2081–2100 relative to 2000–2016 under SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios

Age-dependent organic carbon kinetics is coupled to a Lagrangian particle tracking model

Organic carbon concentrations, reactivities and degradation rates in the bioturbated zone are presented

A simple first-order (one-G) model suffices for well-mixed sediments and sediments receiving pre-processed organic carbon

Dust causes a fraction of Arctic clouds to change phase, leading to summertime cooling over sea ice

This is the first observational study to constrain likely dust-related cloud radiative effects in this region

Changes to the cloud radiative effect (1.5 to 6.3 W m⁻²) may be underestimated here due to uncertainties in near-surface dust concentrations

The body-centered cubic structure of iron is mechanically stable at inner core conditions

The hexagonal close-packed structure is more stable, but small free energy differences could allow impurities to reverse this stability

The observed low shear velocity in the Earth's inner core is likely to be caused by the presence of the body-centered cubic phase

Standard Smagorinsky model with default constant coefficient is overly dissipative for tropical cyclone (TC), underpredicting TC intensity

We are the first to attempt to implement the dynamic Smagorinsky model for horizontal turbulence parameterization in TC mesoscale numerical weather prediction model

Dynamic Smagorinsky model significantly reduces the bias in TC intensity forecasts

Terrestrial water-energy coupling is used to parameterize low-pass filter to estimate rootzone dynamics from surface soil moisture

Rootzone degree of saturation and water-energy coupling thresholds are estimated using evaporative fraction and surface soil moisture

SMAP-based rootzone degree of saturation can used for operational, near-real-time agricultural drought monitoring over Contiguous U.S

Successful first detection of daytime 150-km echoes in the Ultra-High-Frequency band with Sanya Incoherent Scatter Radar

We detected wider forbidden region and larger altitudinal and local time coverage than previous results

Narrow layering features not following the zenith angle point to field-aligned irregularitie echoes

The effects of CO₂ on the biomass δ¹⁵N signatures of the diazotrophs Trichodesmium erythraeum and Crocosphaera watsonii are examined

Both species produce biomass with δ¹⁵N values lower under both decreased and elevated CO₂ concentrations compared to modern CO₂ levels

CO₂-controlled nitrogenase efficiency significantly influences organismal isotopic fractionation during N₂ fixation

Chorus waves growth rates were estimated based on Cluster multi-point electric field waveform measurements

The nonlinear growth rates were derived from electron distribution function measurements collected in the chorus source region

A good agreement of nonlinear growth rates with values obtained from waveforms is demonstrated

Non-storm and non-substorm Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement (STEVE) occurrence

Strong subauroral flows during quiet geomagnetic conditions

The ionospheric electrodynamics of this STEVE event differ from previous studies

Precession drove variations in the ITF thermocline by modulating the intensity of the Australian-Indonesian winter monsoon, ENSO-like states and formation of the North Pacific Tropical Water

Variations in the ITF thermocline regulated the amount of AL and seawater temperature and salinity of South Atlantic thermocline

At the current rate of global warming, a normal year 2023 would have equaled the record of 2016, without any help of El Nino

The most extreme anomalies of 2023/24 rank among the most extreme of the entire record since 1940

The 2023/24 heat can be reconciled with current estimates of global warming and an extreme but not implausible peak of internal variability

The pre-monsoon season witnessed a regime shift in 1998, resulting in a rise in temperature over North-Central India

The subtropical westerly jet index positively correlates with the heatwave characteristics, explaining more than 25% of heatwave variability

The increase in heatwaves post-1998 can be partially attributed to the northward shifting of the subtropical westerly jet

We present InSAR-based, high-resolution maps of 3-D velocities and strain rates in Southern Tibet

There is prevailing dilatational strain along seven rift zones in Southern Tibet, with a total extension rate of 18.4 ± 1.7 mm/yr

We show the distribution and spatial variations of extension rates for seven rift zones