Maximum latewood blue intensity from tree rings can effectively be used to develop paleotemperature estimates for the southeastern US

The fidelity of tree-ring density parameters for paleoclimate reconstruction are influenced by disturbance regimes and microsite conditions

Compared to the last 260 years, regional 20th-century maximum late summer temperatures are not characterized by unprecedented positive trend

Substantial component of asthenospheric weakening is dynamic, caused by dislocation creep at the base of tectonic plates

Dynamic weakening scales with the surface velocity both below the subducting and the overriding plate

The resulting scaling law is employed in an apriori estimate of the lateral viscosity variations below Earth's oceans

The warming tropical Indian Ocean increases the precipitation over the Arabian Sea

The associated large-scale circulation anomalies transport more moisture northward to the plateau

Consequently, more moisture converges over the plateau, leading to the increased precipitation

We quantify topographic asymmetry caused by asymmetric glaciation

Glacial erosion causes greater topographic asymmetry than fluvial erosion all else equal

Glacial-interglacial cycles can cause divide migration

Little Ice Age (LIA) chronozone extent of >5,500 glaciers mapped from geomorphological evidence

Overall glacier area change of −25% to year 2000 at a rate of −36.5 km² yr⁻¹ or −0.11% yr⁻¹

Up to 10 × acceleration in glacier area loss for Tropical sub-regions comparing LIA to 2,000 with post-2000 rates

There has been strong, full-depth ocean warming since 2006 in a region south of Chatham Islands, New Zealand

South of Chatham Islands, the Subtropical Frontal Zone has moved 120 km west

The warming is a result of diminished Subantarctic Water flows along northern Campbell Plateau and around Bounty Trough

Deep weathering may be due to enhanced permeability and surface area from inherited rock damage from local geologic and tectonic conditions

Weathering and water flow extend to the elevation of the adjacent first-order intermittent stream channel

The deep weathering and fracturing front may allow for inter-basin water flow in headwater catchments

We observed a 24% decrease in rock slope fundamental frequency during the 6 months preceding a ∼14,000 m³ collapse

New insights into slope degradation processes revealed the alternate control of two damage regimes with contrasting rate

Results revealed slope damage phases that would not have been suspected on the basis of slope deformation monitoring alone

Gulf Stream (GS) moisture flux suppression reduces atmospheric blocking across the Northern Hemisphere

GS moisture fluxes generate larger jet stream perturbations, fostering faster westward-propagating Rossby waves

Higher resolution models enhance signal transport from the boundary layer to the upper troposphere

On 24 April 2023, the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft observed an Alfvén Wing formation along the dawn-flank of Earth's magnetosphere

MMS's observations represent the first in situ measurements of Alfvén Wing current structures

The current structures are found to be primarily anti-field-aligned, electron-driven, and filamentary

Composite maps show how the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) can change meteorological patterns on the Great Barrier Reef

Cluster analysis is used to show the types of MJO propagation patterns likely to occur during El Niño and La Niña periods

Ocean temperature variability is discussed with El Niño/La Niña phases as the background states and the MJO as a sub-seasonal modulator

Global 21st century projections of basin-scale runoff remain highly model-dependent within the latest generation of Earth System Models

Gridded runoff reconstructions and precipitation observations can however be used to constrain the projections through Bayesian statistics

A model-observation mismatch is underlined regarding recent changes in the annual runoff to precipitation ratio over specific river basins

The QHL CO₂ absorption weakened in spring, autumn and winter, and even turn to CO₂ emissions in summer during 2013–2020

In-phase PDO and El Niño events enhanced the summer CO₂ emissions in saline lake over QTP

Rising in Ts and decreasing in precipitation dominated the CO₂ variations

Detrital zircon U-Pb dating indicates that the Southwest Tianshan Mountains are the primary sediment source of the Kyzylkum Desert

The river system controls the sediment provenance of the Kyzylkum Desert

Topography determines reserve positions of the aeolian sand and dust from Central Asian deserts

A sensitivity experiment was performed using Community Earth System Model 2 aquaplanet with different prescribed sea surface temperatures

Expanding the Indo–Pacific warm pool makes the Madden–Julian oscillation-like waves less organized

The warm pool expansion quickens the forecast error increase and predictability decrease

Magnetic reconnection at the Martian mini-magnetopause is reported for the first time

Proton and oxygen ions from the mini-magnetosphere are accelerated during magnetic reconnection

Magnetic reconnection at the mini-magnetopause could cause solar wind to enter the mini-magnetosphere

Before the M 7.6 earthquake that occurred in the Noto Peninsula on 1 January, there was a persistent earthquake swarm for over five years

Elevated ³He/⁴He ratios in gas samples from hot spring wells suggest the emission of mantle-derived helium from the seismic source region

The mantle fluids infiltrate the seismogenic crust and then diffuse in the fault zone, triggering the earthquake swarm

We calculate the moisture transport budget of 50 events of zonal atmospheric rivers over the Pacific that reach South America

Horizontal convergence of tropical and subtropical air masses act to maintain atmospheric rivers over the ocean while advection dominates near the coast

Following a Lagrangian column, precipitable water is roughly conserved along atmospheric rivers, except near landfalling

Smoke from intensive Canadian wildfires in early June of 2023 degraded the air quality of cities in eastern Canada and United States

The wildfire smoke enhanced the development of the mid-latitude cyclone via smoke aerosol-radiation interaction

The intensification and stagnation of the cyclone facilitated the transport of smoke to downwind cities in northeastern United States

Coupled model intercomparison project (CMIP6) models underestimate midlatitude ocean surface wind speed compared to spaceborne microwave radiometers

Simulated ocean surface wind speed bias scales with model resolution at a magnitude strongly influenced by meteorology

Ocean surface wind speed bias is most correlated with resolution in western boundary currents

This study conducts the first P-wave anisotropic tomography using local earthquakes recorded in the area of Etna volcano

The tomography resolves three-dimensional (3D) isotropic and anisotropic structures beneath the volcano

Anisotropy reveals geological features providing valuable insights into the interplay between tectonic deformation and volcanic activity

A novel framework of two-way subgrid land-atmosphere coupling for GCMs is developed and implemented in CESM2

Overestimated urban heat island over China in CESM2 is significantly alleviated by explicitly representing urban rainfall effects

World urban regions feature more heavy precipitation and less light precipitation than the surrounding rural areas

Developing a Navier-Stokes-Brinkman-Darcy-Reaction fully-coupled approach to study interplay between nitrogen cycling and faunal bioturbation

Sediment reworking and burrow ventilation processes could significantly alter the nitrogenous transformations in low flow environments

A power-law scaling framework can be used to predict nitrate removal efficiency within the bioturbated sediments from the Damköhler number

We image the three-dimensional crustal deformation velocity fields of the Tibetan Plateau due to multi-component land water loading

Evident loading is from groundwater, glacier, and lake, with the maximum vertical and horizontal velocities exceeding ±1.0 mm/yr and 0.2 mm/yr, respectively

All land water components can achieve a vertical loading velocity exceeding the Global Positioning System velocity at some sites, but show very limited horizontal loading

A physics-informed deep learning framework is proposed for inversion of groundwater flow

Inversion can be performed directly without iterative forward modeling

Satisfactory inversion performance can be achieved even with sparse measurements

The analysis of weekly cycles reveals a reduced sensitivity of cloud droplet number concentration to aerosol at larger aerosol loading

The strong weekly cycle in cloud cover is mainly a result of natural variability rather than being attributed to aerosol effects

Weekly cycles offer a useful pathway to investigating the Twomey effect, but are not as effective for detecting cloud adjustments

Continuous Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data systematically detect transient deformation for the first time at Ol Doinyo Lengai

No transient motion is detected before March 2022, then a period of rapid uplift until December 2022, and afterward steady-state uplift

Transient signal detection with the Targeted Projection Operator (TPO) allows for tracking temporal changes in the magmatic system

Among the major floods (potential flood peak periods) occurred in 2000–2021 summer, 91% (87%) are related to Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCS), and 66% (78%) are dominated by MCS

Type-1 MCS is the most efficient among the four types in causing floods for its strongest precipitation rate, longest lifetime and slowest movement

Long lifetime and slow movement increase the overlap area, boosting precipitation per area and reducing the proportion of rainfall absorbed by soil

Early July 2023 had extreme winter warmth with rainfall in the northern Antarctic Peninsula, favored by an atmospheric river

In recent decades, strengthened winter pressure dipole has directed northerly warm and moist air, resulting in warm events in the region

We highlight the need for expanded winter research in the Antarctic Peninsula to better understand climate change and extreme weather events

Powerful electron beams that significantly shape Europa's space environment are discovered during a Juno flyby

The beams enhance electron-impact-excited emissions in Europa's atmosphere and are associated with large jumps of the magnetic fields

The beams' proximity to Europa and their pitch angle distribution constrain the source acceleration to be near or within the plasma disk

We used satellite remote sensing to characterize the precursory motion of a catastrophic landslide

Progressive failures and slow-moving landslides can be distinguished by analyzing their time-dependent motion

Special attention should be given to landslides where no apparent historical movement has occurred

The observed Equatorial Pacific cooling trend, unpredicted by climate models, may have led to decreased precipitation in the southwestern US

With a sea surface temperature-precipitation Green's function, we find that small changes in sea surface temperature can either wet or dry the southwestern US

A reversal of the cooling trend in the Equatorial Pacific could lead to a wetting trend in the southwestern US

We identify the mechanisms of volcanic aerosol influence on global precipitation by assessing the atmospheric energy budget in simulations

Post-eruption precipitation reduction is largely a consequence of a cooler surface, with latent heat balancing a less emissive troposphere

Volcanic aerosols absorb outgoing longwave radiation into the stratosphere, and the added energy causes additional precipitation reduction

Enhanced Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) phases are associated with more organized convection than suppressed phases

Changes in cold pool characteristics during the MJO contribute to explaining differences in convective organization

Lower latent heat fluxes and stronger downdrafts during the active phase are responsible for the changes in cold pool characteristics

The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) teleconnections show distinct subseasonal variability over East Asia, with the strongest teleconnections in early winter

The ENSO–East Asia teleconnections are modulated by anomalous tropical convection over the Indian Ocean and the Maritime Continent on subseasonal time scale

Rossby wave trains induced by enhanced convection over the Indian Ocean and those by suppressed convection over the Maritime Continent constructively interfere over the East Asia during the early El Niño winter

Rapid changes in the maximum wind speed (V_max) and the minimum central pressure (P_min) are not always concurrent in tropical cyclones (TCs)

TCs that only experience a rapid increase in V_max (RI_v) tend to have a significantly weaker lifetime maximum intensity

The evident expansion of the outer circulation occurs in TCs of which only P_min deepens rapidly (RI_p)

El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) may be a tipping element in the climate system as its characteristics can be very different under colder or warmer mean climates

In a warmer climate, ENSO can lock-in into a state with high variability and nearly each El Niño is an extreme Eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño

More extreme EP El Niño events would strongly increase the socio-economic impacts of ENSO

New Atlantic and Pacific benthic δ¹⁸O stacks show different patterns between 1.8 and 1.9 Ma

The Atlantic-Pacific difference in this portion of the 41-Kyr world may be caused by regional sensitivity to relatively strong precession

Regional benthic δ¹⁸O stacks are preferable to global stacks for stratigraphic alignment

We use surface deformation to assess changes in terrestrial water storage (TWS) associated with families of strong atmospheric rivers (ARs) in 2022–2023

Large jumps in mountain water storage from ARs spurred recoveries from major California droughts in 2012–2015 and 2019–2022

Early-season water-storage gains, driven by ARs, nearly equal precipitation inputs, indicating extensive reservoir recharge

Soil emission rates of NO in common inventories may be between 10× and 20× too low over the Amazon basin

Higher soil NO over the Amazon basin alters the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere and decreases global methane lifetime by 1.4%–2.6%

Global methane lifetime is more sensitive to Amazon soil NO fluxes than to the loss of terpene fluxes from total deforestation of the Amazon

We recast oxygen escape rates from Earth derived from an instrument on Dynamics Explorer-1 as a function of solar energy inputs

We compare escape rates for a magnetized planet (Earth) and an unmagnetized planet (Mars) as a function of solar energy inputs

Oxygen escape rates from Mars are not as sensitive to variations in the solar power components as those from Earth

The first estimate of radar attenuation at the Jezero Western Fan Front is on average −2.1 dB/m

For an average propagation velocity of 0.113 m/ns, returned power and time-frequency analyses yield similar results

Radar properties are consistent with dry sedimentary rocks and are distinguishable from the magmatic lithologies on Jezero Crater Floor

Frequency of magmatic events can be assessed by a machine-learning analysis of zircon

Continental alkaline magmatism peaked between 1,050−850, 650−500, 250−200, and 50−0 Ma

Anomalous alkaline magmatism may contribute to global warming at certain times

Na⁺-group ions form escape plumes in solar wind and magnetosheath, with higher fluxes in the positive solar wind electric field hemisphere

The escape rate ranges from 0.2 to 1 × 10²⁵ atoms/s, with the magnetosheath being the main escaping region

Escape rates peak near perihelion, and are similar during other true anomaly angle (TAA) intervals

A deep learning-based approach suggests near-surface 10 m wind to play a significant role in providing skills for long-term ENSO predictability

The skill of the 10-m zonal wind is large from 12 months up to 23 months in advance (depending on the season)

The signal is generated by coupled wind-SST interactions in the Indian Ocean and later propagates across the Pacific

Assimilating summer CryoSat-2 sea-ice thickness (SIT) observations makes more skillful Arctic ice-edge forecasts on multiple time scales

The long-term SIT forecasts improve with the assimilation of summer CryoSat-2 SIT observations

Further refinement is needed for summer CryoSat-2 SIT observations

We reconstruct the hydroclimate evolution of southwest Australia during 62–51 Ma

The Southern Hemisphere (SH) westerlies remained relatively stable during the mid-late Paleocene and shifted poleward since the early Eocene

Processes related to variations of pole-equator temperature gradients drove meridional migration of the SH westerlies

A stronger climate mean Antarctic Circumpolar Circulation (ACC) is accompanied by a stronger mean Atlantic Meridional Oceanic Circulation (AMOC)

A stronger climate mean AMOC results in a warmer Arctic with less climate mean sea ice coverage

The less asymmetric polar warming in the presence of stronger climate mean ACC and AMOC is largely due to less sea ice melting in Arctic

Antarctic ice sheet stability is highly dependent on the crustal contribution of radiogenic heat production to geothermal heat flow

Contrasts in crustal density may indicate upper crustal radiogenic heat production distributions

Robust geothermal models need to factor in heterogeneity at the scales of intrusions, metamorphic facies, and sedimentary units

Three complex climate models show internal unforced oscillations at glacial levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration

North Atlantic (NA) sea-ice coverage plays a crucial role behind Dansgaard–Oeschger type behavior in all three models

The three models reproduce oscillations in a similar range of NA sea ice coverage

We used simulations of deforming temperate ice to show that the alignment of interstitial meltwater changes bulk seismic properties

The amount of melt required to significantly modify seismic properties is at least 50% lower than previously reported

Melt should be considered when using seismic and radar anisotropy to interpret viscous ice deformation and enhancement

The anomalous burst and suppression of quasi-4-day wave (Q4DW) with westward zonal wavenumber 2 (W2) were observed in the Southern Hemisphere and Northern Hemisphere (NH) respectively during the February 2023 major sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) with elevated stratopause (ES)

The rare sequence of SSWs in January and February 2023 led to the strongest westward wind during boreal winters over the past two decades

The strongest westward wind during the 2023 ES-SSW created a wave geometry configuration of full reflection weakening the Q4DW-W2 in the NH

Continuous high-resolution speleothem record of climatic change in southwestern and central Iran between 50 and 30 ka

Decoupled responses of stable-isotope gradients in central and southern Iran to glacial climate variability, except during Heinrich event 4

Decreased impact of southerly moisture sources and reinforced westerlies during extreme cold events

City scale deployment of cool roofs leads to the greatest reduction in 2 m air temperature

Green roofs do not decrease daily average temperature but have a daytime cooling effect

Solar photovoltaic panels can reduce temperatures in London by capturing sensible heat flux and generate electrical power

The Pacific Meridional Mode (PMM) exerted strong impacts on the precipitation pattern over the CONUS during the summer season

The modulation on precipitation is manifested as a zonal dipole pattern, tied to teleconnections associated PMM sea-surface temperature anomalies

The physical mechanisms based on observations were supported by CMIP6 climate model simulations

Precipitation diurnal cycle is systematically evaluated in DYAMOND simulations from global convection-permitting models (CPMs) and CMIP6 models

Both the amplitude and phase of the precipitation diurnal cycle are better simulated by CPMs than CMIP6 high-resolution models

The global CPMs excel in reproducing the precipitation diurnal cycle owing to better simulated mesoscale convective systems

We provide a statistical model of nonresonant electron scattering by electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves

We show the main wave and electron parametric regions where nonresonant effects can be important for electron precipitation

We derive an analytical approximation allowing generalization of the quasi-linear diffusion rates including nonresonant effects

Electron-scale energy conversion (EEC) is observed for the first time in the magnetic dip ahead of a dipolarization front

The EEC, with magnitude comparable to that at the front, is primarily driven by ion current and electron-scale motional electric field

The EEC electric field is induced by a decaying lower hybrid drift instability which may cause temporal damping of the EEC

Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) changes in the east Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean are assessed using Deep Argo and ship-based CTD profiles

Bottom water warming rates from 2017/18 to 2023/24 nearly triple compared to 1992/95 to 2023/24 rates, contraction rates nearly quadruple

AABW cooling and freshening on isopycnals is also observed in the region, relative to older Circumpolar Deep Water

Central North American cooling in response to Bering Sea ice loss is greater during the negative Pacific Decadal Oscillation phase

The Pacific Decadal Oscillation phase can modulate the impact of Bering Sea ice loss on North American temperature

The response to Bering Sea ice loss is associated with a strengthened Alaskan ridge during the negative Pacific Decadal Oscillation

Deep flux decreases over Io and in its immediate wake caused by losses to the moon's surface were observed in Juno JEDI data

Juno JEDI detected narrow field-aligned beams of electrons and protons directed toward Io's north pole

Moon absorption and wave-particle interactions may explain the loss of >1 MeV electrons that extend both inward and outward of Io's orbit

Fast speeds and low data rates potentially make neuromorphic cameras ideal for observation of sprites and lightning

Neuromorphic sensors can measure sprite durations in good agreement with high frame rate cameras

Sprites are very dim making it challenging for the neuromorphic sensor to resolve their internal spatiotemporal dynamics

Magnetic topology in the turbulent reconnection outflow is investigated through both Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) observations and particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations

A larger guide field can promote the generation of O-type topology in the turbulent outflow of the reconnection

Higher energy conversion is contributed by those O-type topologies in the presence of a larger guide field

Employing cloud-top temperature instead of pressure resolves classification-phase inconsistencies for clouds in the Tibetan Plateau (TP)

Lidar validation shows new algorithm's low cloud detection outperforms the conventional International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project algorithm for both TP and plains

The study reveals significant diurnal and seasonal variations in low clouds over the TP

Electron acceleration frequently occurs both at <2 MeV at L < 4.0 and at multi-MeV at L > 4.5, with stronger acceleration confined to L > ∼4.0

Upper limit of electron acceleration regardless of storms is governed by the cumulative impact of substorms measured by time-integrated AL

Intense storm with lower electron density and plasmapause compared to non-storm favors but is not required to produce large maximum fluxes

Climate change influences O₃ pollution in China through changing physical and chemical processes and natural precursor emissions of O₃

Physical and chemical processes play a dominant role in regulating future near-surface O₃ concentrations over eastern China

Carbon neutral scenario is an ideal pathway for China to mitigate both climate change and O₃ pollution in 2060

Distinctive synoptic-scale cyclone-like features are identified within the core of the polar-night vortex at stratopause altitudes

An account is given of their space-time character and dynamics, and evidence adduced of their presence in three Reanalysis schemes

Their existence carries possible ramifications for seasonal and climate models and for the structure of the polar vortex itself

High-resolution ocean model of the North and Baltic Sea provides improved non-tidal ocean loading signals

Model evaluation by geodetic observations on the island of Heligoland shows correlation of 0.9 and signal reduction of 50%

Continental gravimetric stations further away from the coast benefit from high-resolution model for an improved signal separation

Strong mesoscale eddies in the Southeast Tropical Indian Ocean are generated in a clear seasonal cycle

The eddies present a distinct dipole response to the monsoon transition in the region

Changes in oceanic perturbation and current shear modulated by monsoon transition is responsible for this dipole response of eddies

Distributed Acoustic Sensing repurposes an 8 km fiber-optic cable at the South Pole into a dense seismic array

Gathered data resolve 16 dispersion modes at frequencies up to 100 Hz that constrain P- and S-wave velocities in the firn layer

Previous density-velocity empirical relations overestimate the dry firn density at South Pole

Active subglacial lakes, identified by surface deformation, do not create the expected bright and specular radar reflection

Entrained water in basal ice suppresses radar power by scattering and attenuation, and it also likely alters the basal ice mechanics

Understanding the radar expression of subglacial water on Earth provides context for investigations of subsurface water on planetary bodies

The effects of future aerosol reductions in China due to achieving carbon neutrality on solar and wind energy are investigated

Aerosol emission reductions, especially in eastern China, increase surface downwelling shortwave radiation, temperature and wind speed

Climate changes resulting from emission reductions under carbon neutrality enhance the potential of solar and wind energy

Riverine dissolved organic matter (DOM) from distinct rivers shows similar bioavailability to marine bacterium

Radiocarbon values of microbially respired carbon dioxide during incubations reveal preferential utilization of modern carbon compounds

The fate of riverine DOM in coastal environments may depend on the metabolic potential of microorganisms that are present and active

A novel sub-sampling method is introduced to isolate the role of dynamics in the response to projected Arctic sea-ice loss

A dynamical Siberian High response dominates the temperature response over East Eurasia while that of the North Atlantic Oscillation is weak

Inter-model differences in Polar Amplification Model Intercomparison Project likely contain a large fraction of internal variability due to the unconstrained dynamic effects

Temperature-sensitive tree-ring records had the highest signal-to-noise ratios on an interannual basis

Noise showed a positive relationship with timescale indicating presence of independent trends over long time periods

Signal-to-noise ratios were highest in tree-ring density records and in records comprised of a greater number of individual trees