From 1960 to 2019, most oceanic regions experienced significant horizontal expansions in oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) areas, especially the North Pacific

The equatorial Pacific has the largest OMZ area but shows an insignificant increasing trend

The OMZ areas of most oceans respond more quickly and effectively to surrounding sea temperatures than to sea surface temperatures

A terrestrial silicate weathering response quantified during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM)

Weathering intensity increases rapidly after PETM, with stronger responses found in floodplain soils farthest from ancient channel

Weathering response in floodplain linked to hydroclimate and soil hydrology

Maximum concurrent probability of moderate and severe drought will double and triple under RCP8.5, respectively

Concurrent probability of moderate and severe drought between China and United States of America, Brazil and Russia will be at least 6% and 5% under RCP8.5

Limiting RCPs to RCP2.6 can decrease the concurrent probability of severe drought at least 2% (at least 3% for RCP8.5)

Winter precipitation increases with warming due to enhanced eddy moisture convergence in the eastern North America

Local thermodynamics associated with increased moisture and stronger eddies induce more moisture convergence in the southeast United States

Enhanced moisture gradient in regions of large eddy magnitudes causes more moisture convergence in the north of eastern North America

Interactive chemistry models project more 21st century Antarctic ozone than no-chemistry models

Ozone differences arise from inconsistent forcings used by models with/without interactive chemistry

Larger ozone increases lead to smaller increases in Southern Hemisphere surface westerlies

A new global synthesis of seafloor-spreading rates at high temporal resolution is presented

Since 15 Ma, spreading rate decreased along 15 of 18 major ridge systems, with a total global reduction of 37%

High-resolution reconstructions, new data for eastern Pacific, and astronomical ages allow more detail than previous studies

Nongyrotropic pressure gradients alter significantly the configuration of thin magnetotail current sheets before reconnection onset

Ion pressure nongyrotropy is caused by velocity shear of off-equatorial ion outflow during current sheet thinning

Nongyrotropic pressure may be critical to the formation and stability of thin current sheets in the magnetotail

True 3D structure and spatiotemporal evolution of large contiguous heatwave over China are tracked by the 3D connected component labeling algorithm

Contiguous heatwaves in China exhibit distinct characteristics and evolution patterns in different geographical locations and time periods

Substantial increases are observed in the frequency, area, magnitude, duration, and moving distance of contiguous heatwaves since the 1960s

We establish empirical criteria to select electron events that could trigger detectable auroral observations

We find similar statistical behaviors in selected electron events as discrete auroral events and explore the cause of statistical trends

This study bridges the gap of these two types of observations and motivates collaborations across different Mars missions

We uncover more than 1,000 seabed cold-water coral mounds in the NW South China Sea

Buried landslide deposits induced fluid seepage with shear surfaces and scarps as conduits, providing hard substrates for mounds building

Tectonic faulting assisted buried landslide deposits to release overpressure fluids

Spring positive surface wind speed (SWS) dipole mode over Tibetan Plateau is closely connected with a “negative sensible heating-baroclinic structure”

Spring positive SWS dipole mode induces winter El Niño by modulating surface westerly wind anomalies over tropical western Pacific in May

Surface westerly wind anomalies over tropical western Pacific in May are induced through gearing between the Indian and Pacific oceans and seasonal footprinting mechanism processes

Vertical transport due to convergence at surface fronts is obscured by internal gravity waves in a model of the California Current

Contamination by low-mode internal waves can be reduced by filtering large vertical scales

A simple filtering algorithm can effectively remove internal waves with little impact on frontal dynamics in the model

Field estimates of bottom drag coefficient over a shallow rough coral barrier reef using a bulk momentum balance approach

Drag coefficients are dependent on the local depth and colony structure, and well predicted by a log-dependency

The recovered data allows for a discussion of the connection between hydrodynamic roughness scale and high resolution seabed topography

We present a novel approach for explaining coastal air-sea CO₂ fluxes that considers the three-dimensional nature of coastal transport processes

Net outgassing is sustained on the mid-latitude Scotian Shelf because its subpolar source water warms and combines with freshwater inputs

This approach should be applied to other shelf regions, for example, the Patagonian Shelf may outgas CO₂

We reproduce the electron-only reconnection between two coalescing magnetic islands via particle-in-cell simulation

The degree of ion coupling is determined by the persistent time of the coalescence

The flows and Hall electric field E_z in the context prevent the formation of ion outflow

The 2021 M_W 7.4 Maduo earthquake ruptured bilaterally 170 km long fault segments

Supershear earthquakes with relatively simple fault geometries have clearly smaller E_R/M₀ values than those of subshear strike-slip events

Multiple lines of evidence consistently validate that the 2021 M_W 7.4 Maduo earthquake is a supershear event

Magnetic enhancement of alluvial sediments in the Teruel Basin is likely caused by formation of ferrimagnetic minerals during pedogenesis

First high resolution late Pliocene terrestrial environmental magnetism paleoclimatic record from southwestern Europe

Contrasting dominant orbital cycles in Spain between early and late Pliocene

We present an innovative array-processing approach to image glaciers structures at high resolution by locating seismic sources

We investigate a large range of spatial phase coherences, from very low up to very high, over narrow frequency bands and short time windows

We image the spatial and temporal dynamics of sources originating from active and passive crevasses as well as from subglacial hydrology

A unique relationship between rate and cumulative flow characterizes infiltration and evaporation processes

A model, similar to the Green and Ampt model for infiltration, expresses the evaporation capacity curve of a soil

Evaporation from soils under natural conditions that vary in space and time can be easily estimated

Compared with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) years in the global warming slowdown period, tropical cyclone (TC) rain rate increases and decreases in recent El Niño and La Niña years

This opposite change in TC rain rate in recent ENSO years is mainly affected by the changes in TC track density and TC intensity

Changes in TC track density and intensity are both influenced by the extremely strengthened subtropical high since 2013

Incoming correction in cosmic-ray neutron sensing observations based on local muon measurements at ground

Natural convection velocity mediate the thickness of diffusive thermal sublayer and the corresponding net heat flux at the interface

Proposed parameterization of skin-to-bulk temperatures

Similarity scaling of temperature microprofiles over the diffusive thermal sublayer thickness

We present the first three-dimensional (3D) Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) structures at the Venusian magnetospheric boundary layer with a high-resolution multifluid model

The KHI is well resolved and exhibits dynamic and fine evolutions in the 3D global model

KHI leads to significant escape of oxygen ions through mixing with the solar wind at the low latitude boundary layer of Venus

A westward-propagating mode is found to explain a large fraction of the intraseasonal rainfall variance over the Western Hemisphere

The processes that govern this mode are distinct from the equatorial Rossby waves from Matsuno's theory, instead being more consistent with a moisture mode

Results underscore the need to move away from dry theory to understand slow convectively coupled tropical systems

The underwater Hunga-Tonga volcano exploded generating Lamb waves that traveled around the Earth several times

We simulate these waves using a hydrostatic shallow water equation oceanic model

The results closely follow the observations of atmospheric pressure perturbations

The first consistent and continuous estimation of changes in global storm surges and ocean waves from the past to the warmer future

Storm surge and ocean wave projections are based on an extremely high resolution (20 km) global climate model

Future tropical cyclone frequencies would decrease, and the annual maximum storm surges and waves show negative trends

The South Equatorial Undercurrent (SEUC) is detected in the Indian Ocean for the first time

Spatial structures and temporal evolution of the SEUC are examined

The SEUC exhibits similar features as Tsuchiya jets, but also has its own uniqueness

The long timescales associated with deep ocean heat uptake suggests simulations may not be equilibriated before forcing is perturbed

Southern Ocean venting of heat reduces sea ice cover and increases global mean temperature, leading to a warmer climate state

Net top-of-atmosphere energy imbalance can have implications for the methodologies used for climate model spin-up

Combining continuous soil CO₂ flux with Δ¹⁴CO₂ observations enables a systematic evaluation of carbon cycling in Arctic soils year-round

Outside the growing season, soil microorganisms rely on older, local soil carbon pools not captured in short-term incubation experiments

Permafrost warming and thaw is depleting soil carbon pools; fluxes of older carbon are greatest in summer but dominate emissions in winter

The February–March 2021 paroxysms at Etna produced the most intense deflation of the volcanic edifice in the last two decades

The different phases of inflation preceding the paroxysms were accompanied by a deepening over time of the internal pressure sources

The volcanic pressure source ascended rapidly two months before the first 2021 paroxysm, associated with an increase of volcanic gas flux

The icy record in Burroughs crater shows Martian climate is strongly controlled by astronomical forcing

The average ice accumulation rate in this region was 0.13 mm/yr

The deposit in Burroughs crater represents a younger, more easily decipherable climate record than that in the SPLD

Characterising volcanic eruptions based on incompletely preserved and sampled tephra deposits leads to uncertainty in classification

We couple a tephra forward model to two inversion techniques to quantify eruption parameter uncertainty

Results show uncertainty quantification is crucial for sparsely sampled deposits because range in eruption parameters can be substantial

The 2013 Mw 7.7 earthquake caused widespread aseismic slip along the megathrust

Moment released by aseismic slip along megathrust corresponds to an Mw 7.3 earthquake

Eastern Makran megathrust fault is locked to at most 220 km distance from the trench but not along the entire seismogenic width

A framework to characterize the dynamic connectivity emerging from the transport of fluxes on river networks is introduced

The abundance of side-branching junctions (accelerates) decelerates the timing to full connectivity under (low) peak flow conditions

Humid basins exhibit topologies which are prone to slow-down the convergence of fluxes

CO₂ physiological forcing (PHY) increases seasonal temperature amplitude, canceling about half of the amplitude decrease by radiative forcing

PHY imposes stronger warming in warm than in cold months, particularly in the northern mid-to-high latitudes

Evapotranspiration reduction and shortwave radiation increase due to stomatal closure underlie the vegetation-driven amplitude increase

Petrologic constraints imply Mercury's mantle may contain 13–20 wt.% low-density sulfides; this is relevant for geophysical studies

A sulfide-rich mantle is consistent with a low polar moment of inertia (MoI), and implies a smaller, denser core than does a pure silicate mantle

If Mercury's polar MoI is closer to the high end of published values, it rules out a sulfur-rich mantle

Rapid glacier retreat created conditions that allowed a geohazard cascade to occur in a steep mountain valley

We describe and model a recent landslide, tsunami, and outburst flood that typifies a deglacial geohazard cascade

Future work should predict new glacial lakes and use physically based models to simulate the slope, tsunami, and outburst flood hazards

We nudge winds in a fully coupled climate model to observed anomalies over the satellite period

Circulation trends that are not part of the modeled forced response result in an enhanced September sea ice decline close to observations

Winter and spring sea ice trend biases remain after nudging winds, suggesting ice-ocean biases in the model

Quadrupole current and multi-layer electric field are observed in the separatrix region

Quadrupole current is possibly related to the patchy parallel electric field

Multi-layer electric field are caused by complex electron flow patterns

Fast magnetosonic (MS) waves with clearly discrete harmonics are observed in dipolarizing flux bundle (DFB) inside the geosynchronous orbit

A local proton ring distribution due to the proton acceleration of the DFB is demonstrated to support the growth of fast magnetosonic waves

Our results provide one new channel to excite MS waves in inner magnetosphere and new insight into microscale energy rearrangements in DFB

Maximum intermediate transport anomaly (Tr_a) induced by El Niño in warm PDO doubles and peaks 2-month earlier than that in cold PDO

Tr_a difference is attributed to magnitude change and longitude shift of anomalous westerly winds in the equatorial central Pacific

Winds induce Tr_a through generating reflected Kelvin-to-Rossby waves with an enhanced amplitude and westward displacement in warm PDO

The Maduo earthquake activated a 161-km-long strike-slip fault with subtle topographic expression and complicated structural geometry

The surface rupture occurs over a distance of 148 km, but includes two large gaps that are 38 and 20 km, respectively

Within the surface-rupture segments, the horizontal slip is 0.2–2.6 m, much lower than the InSAR-based slip maximum of 2–6 m

Rapid convergence across the southern Ryukyu margin increases eastward from 92 mm/yr offshore Taiwan to 123 mm/yr near the Gagua Ridge

Oblique convergence is accommodated in part by the plate interface fault capable of hosting earthquakes with Mw 7.5–8.4

Different trends between the forearc convergence, P-axes, and seafloor movement may indicate some degree of slip partitioning

Corona discharges at cloud tops form a distinct type of electric discharges with rise times <20 µs in 337 nm and little activity in 777.4 nm

They are generated both in developing storm cells overshooting the tropopause height and collapsing cells with remaining convective activity

Most are detected by ground-based lightning detection systems implying they are fast break-down discharges with high currents

A seasonal gated recurrent unit (SGRU) model is developed for continuous forecasting of the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) index

The SGRU model flexibly forecasts the PDO index at multiple time scales using only the historical PDO index data

The SGRU model achieves superior forecasts for the test period 1979–2020 in comparison with other state-of-the-art models

The Coupled Model Intercomparison Projects, global circulation models (GCMs) are very different from each other; their equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) large range needs to be greatly constrained for scientific and policy purposes

We group the GCMs into three classes with low, medium, and high ECS; we test them against the ERA5-T2m records using spatial t-statistics

We found that the high and medium-ECS GCMs run too hot; the low-ECS GCMs are not optimal yet, but also unalarming for the future

Irrigation in the Middle East and South Asia may considerably enhance rainfall in the Sahel-Sudan Savanna (SSS)

The enhancement of precipitation arises through a reduction in the gradient of moist static energy from the Sahara to the tropics

The risk and severity of drought in the SSS may be reduced by remote irrigation

We present a study of relativistic electron precipitation into the atmosphere with CALorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station during a radiation belt depletion event

The magnetically conjugate measurements with the Van Allen Probes show that the observed precipitation was driven by dusk-side electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves

Combined wave and particle data suggest that the radiation belt flux dropout was caused by both wave scattering and outward losses

The EC-Earth model simulations demonstrate a 28% increase in Indian summer monsoon rainfall during the Last Interglacial (LIG)

Orbital forcing in the LIG increased the inter-hemispheric thermal gradient and enhanced the land-sea contrast in South Asia

The Indian summer monsoon during the LIG was further amplified by feedbacks in the equatorial Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean

Time series of volcanic CO₂ fluxes from Mammoth Mountain, California, show seasonal variations between 2014 and 2020

Local hydrologic and micro-meteorological variations cannot account for the amplitude and phase of these variations

Long-wavelength hydrologic processes produce stress changes in a way that can explain the seasonal variations in CO₂ flux

We report a slow shock pair bounding a plasmoid/macro magnetic hole observed by Parker Solar Probe in the inner heliosphere

The two slow shocks are probably parts of a curved slow shock bounding a plasmoid produced by magnetic reconnection

The plasmoids emitted by magnetic reconnection could be a possible origin of macro magnetic holes in the solar wind

Marsh formation can be divided in three distinctive phases: preparation phase, encroachment phase, and adjustment phase

Sediment concentration, settling velocity, sea level rise, and tidal range each comparably affect restoration outcomes in different ways

The Unvegetated-Vegetated Ratio is related to sediment budget in marsh development

The correlation between the occurrence of mass-wasting deposits and the dramatic global climate changes is revealed

The variability of Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is reconstructed based on our proposed mass-wasting-inferred proxy

New views of cyclicity and lag characteristics of ISM intensity are deduced based on the variability of ISM intensity

Heterogeneous recycling of iodine on sea-salt aerosol leads to large changes in iodine level and partitioning in the global MBL

Iodine recycling substantially enhances the production rates of halogen atoms and reduces the levels of oxidants

Effect of iodine recycling is very sensitive to the uptake efficiency and its range is explored using recently reported coefficients

The electrical breakdown generating lightning initial breakdown pulses has complex spatial and temporal properties

Spatially and temporally separated VHF bursts occur during an initial breakdown pulse, coincident with brief wideband magnetic field pulses

Generation of initial breakdown pulses likely involves multiple corona bursts, and multiple space stems/leaders and their connections

Distinct lithospheric structures of the Ordos block and its surrounding rifts are obtained from P and S receiver functions

Different patterns of mantle flow contribute to contrasting lithospheric modifications at the northern and southern margins of the Ordos

Dramatically thin lithosphere beneath the Weihe rift and Qinling orogen supports the existence of an asthenospheric flow channel there

Hydrogen geo-storage in deep coal seams is feasible from a flooding and adsorption perspective

Hydrogen flooding does not cause any measurable coal swelling under deep coal seam conditions

Coal permeability is not affected by hydrogen flooding under deep coal seam conditions

Marine cold-spell (MCS) intensity and annual MCS days (the number of MCS days in each year) are decreasing across most global oceans

The decreasing MCS annual days and intensity can be largely explained by sea surface temperature warming, in line with global warming

The differences between MCS and marine heatwave intensity trends can be largely explained by changes in sea surface temperature variance

Distinct North American cooling signatures follow zonally symmetric and asymmetric modes of the stratosphere

Strong stratospheric wave activity precedes positive North Atlantic Oscillation like North American cooling

The linkage between the stratospheric wave activity and the surface is robust in reanalyzes and models

Analysis of 589 tide gauge records reveals the spatiotemporal features of the 2022 Tonga volcanic tsunami around the world oceans and seas

The leading wave was ubiquitously small, and its early arrival suggests it was caused by a moving air pressure wave produced in the explosion

The largest waves were concentrated in the Pacific with occurrence times consistent with an origin in the vicinity of the volcano

Tropical cyclones occur in the region of massive proliferation of Sargassum since 2011

High winds in tropical cyclones induce decrease of Sargassum coverage

No recovery of Sargassum after cyclone crossing

We demonstrate skillful forecasts of land carbon uptake in mid- to high latitudes at multi-month leads (winter into summer)

During spring, Gross Primary Production (GPP) forecast skill in some regions appears to stem from skillful forecasts of snow removal date

In certain other regions, initialization of the carbon and nitrogen reservoirs appears to contribute to GPP forecast skill

Uncertainty in topography estimates has a significant impact on predictions for all tested friction laws

Simulations with BedMachine and statistically generated topographies are more sensitive to upper-end climate forcing than with Bedmap2

Pine Island Glacier is likely to transition into a more unstable state late mid-century for upper-end climate forcing

The Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) modulates the impacts of the Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) in the Southern Hemisphere

MJO-related rainfall anomalies in the South Atlantic Convergence Zone are intensified during easterly QBOE

The extratropical wave train forced by the anomalous convection in MJO phase 4 is intensified under QBOW

The first 3-D P-wave tomography and receiver function results of the Yap subduction zone are obtained

Breakoff remnants and overturned slab caused by collision of the initially rifted Caroline Plateau with the Yap Trench are revealed

The overturned slab may cause the incoming plateau to be stretched to facilitate the initial plateau subduction

Global hurricane counts and Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) have significantly decreased since 1990 likely due to a trend toward La Niña

Short-lived named storms, extreme rapid intensification events (50+ kt day⁻¹) and global damage have increased significantly from 1990 to 2021

Decreasing trend in global hurricanes and ACE is primarily driven by downturn in western North Pacific activity

Unusual cooling has been observed in June over Northeast Asia (NEA) under the most recent global warming

This June cooling in NEA is consistent with declining Bering Sea sea ice concentrations (BSICs) in March

The Rossby wave train and the sea surface temperature anomalies in Northwest Atlantic bridge the declining BSIC in March and the cooling over NEA in June

Enzyme activity can be predicted by the capacity of a mineral to adsorb enzymes

The conformational change of enzyme is determined by the enzyme-adsorbing capacity of mineral surface

Functional lifespan of enzyme decays fastest in the presence of Mn-oxide surface

Dansgaard-Oeschger-like oscillations of millennial-scale are simulated with a coupled climate model, MIROC4m, under glacial conditions

The period of the simulated oscillations shortens as the climatic precession shifts to stronger boreal seasonality

The period of the oscillations can be influenced by the seasonal sea ice change and the subsurface temperature change in the North Atlantic

The ability of current state-of-the-art operational Subseasonal-to-Seasonal systems to predict an extreme heat wave 2–3 weeks in advance is assessed

Two important dynamical processes for the extreme heatwave are identified

A realistic representation of moisture transport and its pattern is important for the extended-range forecast of heatwaves

We calculate the principal components of planetary waves in the northern wintertime stratosphere

Energetic electron precipitation (EEP) enhances the northern polar vortex if planetary waves are focused at the equatorward side of polar vortex

Latitudinal distribution of planetary waves is more important for the EEP effect than their overall intensity

Concurrent changes in the gorge inlet and outlet indicate the linkage of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River at 1.2 Ma

Ultra-high loess sedimentation rates since 0.24 Ma are attributed to strong incision in the middle reaches of the river

Rock magnetic investigations suggest a difference in provenance between the loess in the gorge entry and exit points

P/Ca is higher in Neoarchean shallow marine carbonates than Phanerozoic and modern shallow marine carbonates

Higher phosphate concentrations in Neoarchean than modern seawater indicates that early marine life was not phosphate-limited

Volcanism is dated at 641–637 Ma using chemical abrasion-isotope-dilution isotope ratio mass spectrometry technique

Climate modeling on the volcanism-related CO₂ emission is conducted

Enhanced volcanic-related dust and CO₂ emission can shorten the Marinoan snowball Earth by 2–5 Myr

The first study to completely isolate the local and remote insolation effect on Afro-Asian summer monsoon at geological time

The Afro-Asian summer monsoon during Holocene is driven by local precession forcing in the tropical-subtropical Northern Hemisphere

The “latent heat” hypothesis is not supported by this study

Meter-scale topographical differences are seen between on-swirl and off-swirl areas in regions of Mare Ingenii

Topographic correlations suggest dust migration is involved in lunar swirl formation

Swirl formation is the result of multiple processes

Lithospheric thickness of the North China Craton (NCC) in the Paleozoic is estimated

Different deformation mechanisms in different domains of the NCC are presented

Driving forces for lithospheric modification are mainly heat conduction and dissipation through the cool cratonic lithosphere

A relatively great variance of daily temperature range between the open fields and understory at high altitudes

Canopy shade efficiently moderates the diurnal variability and the elevational variation of daily temperature range

The fog and low cloud create altitudinal discontinuities in daily temperature range

Daily surface melt flux of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) is estimated at enhanced resolution (3.125 km) from a remote sensing perspective

Daily meltwater volume exceeded 20 Gt in mid-July 2012 as a result of anomalous warming

Meltwater volume from satellite agrees well with that from regional climate models