Glacier runoff is relatively insensitive to the interannual variability of precipitation

The above property is independent of the climate setting of the glacier

A temperature-sensitive glacier runoff and a precipitation-sensitive off-glacier runoff determine the climate response of catchment runoff

High sea ice productivity during 2003–2015 resulted from intensified northward winds and sea ice drift, and interior divergence of pack ice

Minimum sea ice production and summer sea ice drift divergence suppressed Shelf Water formation during 2009–2011

An input of 157.5 Gt/yr of meltwater from local glaciers and ice shelves resulted in the overall freshening of subsurface Thermostat Water

Increased biomass burning emissions variability in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 amplifies hydrologic cycle in Community Earth System Model version 2

Column-integrated precipitable water, evaporation, and precipitation all increase poleward of 40°N

Several moderating factors act to mitigate hydrologic cycle amplification

The 5-kHz narrowband emissions (NB) from Saturn can be reflected by density structures in the magnetosheath

Reflection leads to depolarization and trapping of NB inside Saturn's magnetosphere

The upper frequency limit of trapped NB depends on variations in the magnetosheath and the solar wind

Storstrømmen Glacier, Greenland (27-cm sea level rise equivalent) stands in cold waters behind shallow bathymetry

The frontal regions are 100 m deeper than expected but access of warm Atlantic Intermediate Water (AIW) is limited by a wide and shallow ridge

Retreat of Storstrømmen and L. Bistrup Bræ glaciers has operated relatively independent of changes in AIW temperature in Dove Bugt

New particle formation is more prevalent off the U.S. East Coast in winter rather than summer

Ratio of particle number above 3 versus 10 nm peaks above cloud top regardless of season

Cold and dry conditions during cold air outbreaks coincide with new particle formation

We simulate Saturn's dynamo using an anelastic dynamo without a stably stratified layer

The model generates a magnetic field with an extremely small angle between the magnetic dipole axis and the planetary spin axis

Axisymmetric zonal flows and equatorially symmetric convection are the main factors pushing the dipole tilt angle to small values

Calving has been controlling Helheim's speed variability since 2007

Averaging the calving rate over 60 days does not change the glacier behavior significantly

Constraining a calving law is critical to model the future of Helheim's mass balance

Within most shelf sediments organic matter (OM) is generally of low reactivity (i.e., low labile OM content) and resistant to remineralization

Muddy nearshore sediments hold large quantities of high reactivity OM which is at risk of remineralization when disturbed

Policy interventions that seek to protect reactive OM should prioritize near-shore sediment OM over the resilient OM in many shelf seas

The strength of cyclone wind speeds are underestimated by CMIP6 models

HighResMIP models represent the structure and intensity of cyclones better than CMIP6 models

Elements of the large-scale environment surrounding cyclones are not improved in HighResMIP simulations

A large-scale precursor to Northeast Pacific marine heatwaves (MHWs) with anomalies in both the North and Tropical Pacific is identified

This optimal precursor includes initial sea surface height anomalies that are key to MHW growth

The initial condition leading to optimal development of Northeast Pacific MHWs can also lead to subsequent Central Pacific El Niño events

Sudden increase in Greenland freshwater release is turned into century scale change by deep ocean dynamics

Upper ocean responses to moderately enhanced freshwater release from Greenland reverse on the same timescale once release ceases

Ocean model formulation affects regional expressions but basin-scale responses are robust, so is the timing on decadal to centennial scales

Some subsurface Indian Ocean dipole (Sub-IOD) events occur in winter-to-spring, independent of the surface Indian Ocean Dipole

Central Pacific (CP) El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events that peak in winter-to-spring are connected to these Sub-IOD events by inducing an anomalous Walker circulation

Only CP ENSO events with a westward-located sea surface temperature anomaly center favor Sub-IOD events in spring

The underestimated ratio of transpiration (T) to evapotranspiration (ET) can be largely attributed to too frequent light rain

The improved rainfall intensity spectrum greatly impacts evapotranspiration by directly reducing wet leaf fraction and canopy evaporation

The associated changes in solar radiation and other factors also affect evapotranspiration by increasing vegetation transpiration

We obtained the P-V-T equation of state of FeH based on volume measurements up to 142 GPa and 3660 K using a diamond-anvil cell

ΔV_H, the volume increase of Fe by H atom, was determined as functions of P and T, enabling estimates of the H content in non-magnetic FeHx

We estimate the maximum H content in the inner core and discuss the possible compositional range of the Fe-H-Si-S inner core

The first 3-D radial anisotropy model beneath NE Asia is obtained

East-west structural variations in the big mantle wedge (BMW) are revealed

A possible convection pattern in the BMW is proposed

A robust linkage between ENSO and wintertime NTA SST variability could be established by considering the previous summer NTA SST state

The NTA initial state is in part traced to the preceding ENSO conditions, and also partially attributable to the local disturbance

The understanding of the ENSO–wintertime NTA SST relationship has implications for extending the seasonal predictability for the NTA SST

The electron precipitation signature induced by a superbolt lightning event is modeled, which agrees with previous spacecraft observation

The precipitation is decomposed into contributions from different wave frequency components and resonance modes to study its structure

The spatiotemporal signature of global precipitation is analyzed. The total precipitation energy is >100x stronger than typical lightning

An ensemble of ice-ocean simulations is used to study conditions in the Amundsen Sea over the twentieth century

The simulations show a long-term ocean warming trend on the continental shelf, which is not yet clear in the shorter observational record

The trends are partly driven by anthropogenic forcing, suggesting the ocean and ice shelves may also be sensitive to future climate policy

We synthesize available observations and show that Europa's near-surface O₂ abundance may be two times higher than previous estimates

Near-surface brines generated during the formation of chaotic terrains drain downward through the ice shell in porosity waves

More than 80% of surface oxidants entrained into the brines may be delivered to the internal ocean

Profiles from a long-duration balloon reveal equatorial waves with wide extent but very fine-vertical scales that are unresolved in models

97% of the cirrus clouds observed in the upper tropical tropopause layer (above 17 km) are related to these waves

The analyzed waves provide strong QBO forces, pointing to a possible mechanism to improve the simulation of the QBO and its climate impacts

We demonstrate the first electron microburst observation by spinning Electron Losses and Fields INvestigation CubeSats

We present a comparison between ducted and nonducted chorus-driven electron precipitation

Simulation shows ducted chorus cause electrons microbursts over energy 100s keV and above

Gravity waves (GW) action and its scale height derived from Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry observations reveal persistent layers of enhanced GW dissipation over the past 20 years

The enhanced dissipation is mainly centered at 80–85 km with a vertical range of 8–20 km, and it can constrain GW dissipation in model

The enhanced dissipation occurs above the eastward (westward) jet in winter (summer) and around the wind reversals in spring and autumn

Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument observations reveal a large Carbon monoxide (CO) emission discrepancy from industrial point sources over China

Regional emission inventory probably underestimated CO emissions of certain industrial point sources over China

Future CO satellite constellation together with monitoring local emissions could support environment policy

Hydroclimate controlled soil erosion before the mid-Holocene in China

Direct linkages between sediment accumulation rates and Chinese population were detected across China

Human impacts started to control soil erosion in China 5,000 years ago, at least 1,000 years earlier than the global average

The number of eastward-moving tropical cyclones (TCs) in the South China Sea has experienced a decadal variation since 1980

The zonal shift of Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) is the main factor of the decadal variation of eastward-moving TCs

The eastward-retreated WPSH together with strong intraseasonal oscillation favors TCs moving eastward during 1994–2004

Fog and low stratus (FLS) cloud cover is enhanced over the French Landes forest at night

FLS cloud cover enhancement is most pronounced in summer and fall

Low wind speed and low temperatures over the forest are potential drivers of FLS enhancement

Picophytoplanktonic quasi-antiphase diel cycles in abundance and cell size/biomass are likely a general feature of the oligotrophic ocean

Grazing pressure on Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus is as high during the day as during the night

The global surface temperature responds asymmetrically to increased and decreased CO₂ levels, in both abrupt and transient cases

Effective climate sensitivity is higher with warming (2×, 4×, 8×CO₂) than with cooling (1/2×, 1/4×, 1/8×CO₂), in two different coupled models

The non-logarithmic nature of the CO₂ forcing is primarily responsible for the asymmetry, not the radiative feedbacks

We developed a database of western United States wildfires and examined why annual forest area burned grows exponentially with aridity

Individual fires grow at compounding rates, so fire enlargement driven by aridification is most rapid among large fires

Approximately two-thirds of the increase in 1984–2019 forest burned area is shaped by each year's largest 10% of forest fires

Sediment transport near the threshold of motion is intermittent, making it hard to measure average flux, which is crucial for predictions

We use bifurcation theory in the presence of multiplicative noise to understand and describe the intermittency

Applying this to flume experiments, we find a new way of measuring the threshold of motion and predicting when intermittency will be present

The stronger (weaker) the tropical cyclones (TCs) over the western North Pacific (WNP), the more the eastern (central)-Pacific La Niña months

The TCs over the WNP affect La Niña flavor by modulating the Walker circulation and thermocline

TCs are shown to be essential to improve the prediction skill of the two flavors of La Niña events during the peak time

Nudging tropical fields in the Unified Forecast System toward the observed state improves wintertime Weeks 3–4 precipitation forecasts over the United States West Coast

A subset of initial states identified by multivariate k-means clustering exhibits greater precipitation forecast improvements with nudging

Improved simulation of tropical intraseasonal variability when a strong Aleutian Low is present leads to these greater forecast improvements

CRAND is the main source of 200–700 keV quasi-trapped electrons at L = 1.7 when NWC transmitter is at dayside

For quasi-trapped 206 keV electrons at L = 1.7, pitch angle diffusion is the main source mechanism when NWC station operates at nightside

The from NWC needs to be approximately 10⁻⁶ to 10⁻⁵ s⁻¹ to reproduce the satellite observations of quasi-trapped 206 keV electrons at L = 1.7

For 2018–2021, the decline in mean Arctic sea ice thickness of ∼0.28 m in spring is largely explained by ∼0.50 m thinning of multiyear ice

Satellite-derived snow depth estimates, when compared to climatology, provide a thinner Arctic ice thickness especially during the fall

Satellite records since 2003 show a loss of one-third of the winter sea ice volume driven by the decline in multiyear ice coverage

A stronger solar wind pressure pulse has a greater likelihood to change the magnetospheric chorus amplitude particularly on the dayside

Positive (negative) pressure pules can immediately increase (decrease) chorus amplitudes in the inner magnetosphere

These pulses mainly alter the linear growth of chorus waves by modifying the source electron distributions in the inner magnetosphere

Multiple abrupt increases in carbon-14 content were found during the transition time of solar activity into the grand minimum state

They occurred at solar activity maximum or at the declining phase of solar cycles, suggesting that they originate from solar proton events

The Wolf minimum may provide a unique opportunity to potentially deepen the understanding of the solar dynamo

The observed post-El Niño chlorophyll anomaly, “chlorophyll rebound,” in the equatorial Pacific is successfully simulated in GFDL-ESM4.1

This rebound is primarily driven by surfacing high iron anomalies propagated from western Pacific via Equatorial Undercurrent

High dust-iron deposition anomalies arising from dry land conditions augment the post-El Niño chlorophyll rebound

Subsolidus fayalitic olivine decomposition forming unique vesicular nanophase iron particles in Chang'E-5 soils was confirmed

Nanophase iron particles in the uppermost olivine layer are embedded with numerous vesicles containing possible O₂ or SiO component

Unique microstructural features on fayalitic olivine rims shed light on the diversity of space weathering effects on the lunar surface

Nutrient fluxes are higher in the western compared with the eastern Laptev Sea

Episodic mixing above the slope might significantly contribute to Pan-Arctic vertical nitrate supply

In the central Laptev Sea, a thinning halocline and shoaling Atlantic Water indicate an emerging regime shift in line with Atlantification

Coherent surface-intensified vortices with scales greater than the radius of deformation are stabilized by rough bottom topography

The lifespan of large vortex rings increases with the increasing amplitude of bottom topography

A critical threshold of the depth variance exists, above which the vortices are linearly stable

Electric fields that drive fast breakdown (FB) processes are quantified using 1–750 MHz VHF-UHF spectral measurements

FB spectra exhibit a −10 dB cutoff frequency of 430 MHz that implies an E-field of 2.0 E_k driving streamer growth inside the FB process

This field is >7 times higher than the large-scale field, implying that the FB process involves a narrow electrically conducting structure

“EMIC-induced drifting electron hole (EDEH)” was simultaneously detected by four satellites in the radiation belt

The radial profiles of phase space density indicate the local losses of relativistic electrons caused by EMIC waves

Multisatellite observations reveal that the flux at L* = 5.2–5.4 gradually decreases in a few tens of minutes

Direct turbulence measurements and data-based mixing estimates reveal high occurrence of BL mixing in the western-central equatorial Pacific

BL mixing is associated with significant cooling, salting, and deepening of the mixed layer, and cooling, salting, and weakening of the BLs

The frequent BL mixing shows regular seasonal and interannual variations and may impact the El Niño development via modulating SSTs

P wave radial anisotropic structure beneath the young and highly extended Woodlark rift is constrained from teleseismic tomography

Downwelling of slab relics bordering the rift zone may contribute to ultra-high pressure rock exhumation and rift development

Slab-pull drives rift initiation and induces decompression melting in the upper mantle under the rift zone by horizontal stress transfer

Year-long borehole mooring data in the George VI Ice Shelf ice-ocean boundary layer are analyzed

Observed dissipation rates do not vary with mean-flow speed suggesting turbulence is not shear-driven

Double-diffusive convection can explain the observed dissipation rates and melt rates, providing a route for parameterization

A mathematical index is described to differentiate the causes of sedimentary aged OC

Lateral transport exerts a strong influence on the age spectrum of OC in marine sediments

Lateral transport and terrestrial inputs both contribute to old ages of OC in marine sediments

Flood peaks tend to occur at the same time of year as annual soil moisture peaks and lag behind annual rainfall peaks by 3 weeks

Flood seasonality is linked mainly with soil moisture peaks in Amazonia and central Brazil, where soil storage capacity is high

Flood timing is highly correlated with rainfall and soil moisture peaks in the south and southeast, where soil storage capacity is low

We present a coherent model for the high-fluidity of small-volume pyroclastic flows and for the genesis of ash-cloud surges

Conclusions are drawn from field observations at Merapi volcano, laboratory experiments and numerical models

The movement of the rock fragments on the steepest slopes of the volcano both creates the pyroclastic surge and induces large runouts

A multi model large ensemble archive and modified statistical assumptions provide a framework for studying climatic relationships

An analysis of relationships between leading Northern Hemisphere climate modes does not show any internal connections

External forcing such as global warming is shown to be a possible confounding factor in climate relationships

Surface waters in the subtropical mode water formation region are lower in pCO₂ than in the atmosphere in winter by ∼50 μatm

Strong wintertime winds drive atmospheric CO₂ into the ocean near the Gulf Stream with high spatial and temporal variability

Uncrewed surface vehicles provide an opportunity to refine quantification and understanding of CO₂ exchange near western boundary currents

Storage in non-reactive sublayer causes long contaminant survival times

Reach-scale reaction kinetics cannot be captured by constant rate model

Upscaled model quantifies all aspects of reaction and mass transfer

We present a method for analyzing extreme precipitation trends based on the separation of storm intensity and occurrence frequency

Our approach reproduces observed trends in annual maxima and allows to quantify trends on rare return levels

Observed trends in the Eastern Italian Alps are explained by an increased proportion of heavy convective storms in the summer

Orbital eccentricity variations on 100 Myr timescales drive changes in ice shell thickness

Downward-propagating cracks can reach the subsurface ocean on Enceladus but do not reach Europa's ocean

On Enceladus, eruptions are likely sustained by decompression boiling

Acceleration of global warming by cloud altitude feedback is enhanced in MIROC6 when a prognostic precipitation scheme is introduced

Cloud altitude feedback is associated with high clouds in the present climate, which is better represented by prognostic precipitation

Cloud altitude feedback in CMIP models is suggested to increase when their underestimation of high-level clouds is mitigated

Events of an additional ionospheric (F3) layer are first reported at Arecibo

The formation of the F3 layers is mainly due to the gradient of the vertical ion drift

The height variation of the vertical ion drift is largely due to the zonal electric field

The negative correlation between the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) and latitudinal variation of Atlantic tropical cyclone lifetime maximum intensity (LMI) is reaffirmed

Effects of variations in dominant track patterns and intra-pattern LMI location are almost equally important

Both variations of track patterns and intra-pattern LMI location are attributable to the AMO-related environments

We propose a new method for the rapid inversion of large earthquake rupture characteristics using high-rate Global Navigation Satellite System data

The fault rupture length, direction, and pattern (unilateral or bilateral) can be rapidly determined with considerable accuracy

The estimates of the rupture characteristics are expected to refine ground shaking predictions for large earthquakes (M_w > 6)

New satellite retrievals of ice crystal number concentration allow to assess microphysical effects of aviation on existing cirrus clouds

Comparison of ICNC profiles on existing cirrus clouds shows increase after aircraft by 25% and 54% ICNC

The signal is the largest 300–540 m below the flight altitude

Tropical air-sea interaction indices sometimes fail to identify strong southern China (SC) winter rainfall

The role of the South China Sea (SCS) in modulating SC winter rainfall under large-scale tropical air-sea interactions is revealed

A warmer SCS supports large nonlinear moisture transport from the SCS toward SC, resulting in strong SC winter rainfall

We have retrieved some instantaneous CO₂ emissions for one third of the large emission cells of a global high-resolution hourly inventory

The emission retrievals explain more than one third of the inventory variance at the corresponding cells and hours

Consistent temporal variations of median emissions suggest that trends can be robustly calculated when more data become available

Amateur radio data provides a new method for studying Large Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances and HF communications impacts

Large Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances are seen for the first time simultaneously in amateur radio, SuperDARN, and GNSS TEC data

Observed midlatitude Large Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances are likely driven by auroral zone electrojet surges and Joule heating

From 1979 to 2019, extreme wet-bulb temperatures intensified in most IPCC AR6 regions, though to varying degrees

Patterns in interannual clustering of extreme humid heat show signals of the overall warming trend and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation

In some arid regions, extreme humid heat days often occur in close temporal proximity to one another and to precipitation events

We perform simulations of electron avalanches and streamers in different gas mixtures for Primordial and Modern Earth

Ionization rates are higher in strongly reducing gas mixtures, such as used by Miller and Urey, than in weakly reducing mixtures

In the Miller and Urey gas mixture streamers incept at ≈114 Td; in weakly reducing atmospheres, suggested by Kasting, at 140–180 Td

Four successive dipolarization fronts (DFs) are identified in Saturn's magnetotail during one substorm

Three of the successive DFs cause a type of stepwise electron acceleration, generating energetic electrons

According to the electron pitch-angle distribution, the stepwise electron acceleration is identified as the Fermi acceleration mechanism

The Tibetan Plateau surface potential vorticity index (TP-SPVI) includes the effects from orographic thermal and dynamical forcing

The seasonal variation in the proposed TP-SPVI is consistent with the time evolution of the Asian summer monsoon precipitation

The surface PV can be used as a metric for the identification of the TP surface forcing in reanalysis data and for model evaluation

Allochthonous and autochthonous OM input can induce positive priming effect (PE) in saline lake sediments

Allochthonous OM input caused stronger PE intensity than autochthonous OM in saline lake sediments

Positive PE intensity increased with decreasing salinity of saline lakes

An upper bound on magma chamber volume is between 13.6 and 20.6 km³, depending on trapdoor fault dip (near-vertical faults favored)

The lower bound on volume is one-half the upper bound

These volume estimates are inversely proportional to the shear modulus (10 GPa here)

Nucleation location effectively controls whether multifault rupture occurs on orthogonal strike-slip fault systems

A stopping phase from rupture reaching the end of one fault is often required to initiate rupture on the cross fault

Only a narrow range of regional stress orientations allows both cross-faults to rupture

For volcanism to provide life-sustaining reactants to Europa's ocean, asthenospheric-formed melt must traverse the cold thick lithosphere

Dikes can propagate across the entire lithosphere if either the fracture toughness or the flux into the dike is large

Volcanism plausibly provides reactants to Europa's ocean every several thousand years, but seafloor volcanism is far from assured

A new stalagmite record reveals for the first time distinct Bølling-Allerød and Younger Dryas oxygen isotope variations in northern Borneo

The stalagmite oxygen isotope pattern strongly resembles the recent iCESM transient annual rainfall simulation from 20 to 11 ka

Borneo drying during Heinrich 1 and the Younger Dryas may be attributed to an anomalous boreal winter Western North Pacific anticyclone

Paleoclimate evolution in the Lunpola Basin response to orbital forcing

The South Asian monsoon penetrated into central Tibet at least at ∼25.5 Ma

Low-magnetic units of the studied section mainly result from the reductive dissolution of hematite

Downward terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs) in winter thunderstorms of Japan can be classified into two types based on low-frequency (LF) observations

Three events were single-pulse TGFs coincident with high peak-current LF pulses of return strokes

Four events were followed by moderate peak-current LF pulses, and three of them are multi-pulse TGFs

Peatlands contribute 91 ± 54 Tg dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to surface waters and from 12% to 20% of the global organic carbon transferred to oceans

Air temperature explains the variability in DOC fluxes for undisturbed sites when it is discharge for disturbed sites

Major peatland areas are lacking from this synthesis, emphasizing the urgent need for fluvial carbon export evaluation from peatlands

New method for precise modeling of the zenith hydrostatic and wet delays from the Earth surface up to an altitude of 14 km

Tropospheric delay vertical modeling precision of better than 3 mm is achieved on a global scale

The method provides numerical weather model-derived precise tropospheric augmentation correction for real-time space geodetic techniques

Cellulose oxygen isotope ratios of Sphagnum and vascular plants in peat cores were used to reveal the precipitated water oxygen isotopes

The results showed that the climate in northern Japan was governed by the position of westerlies and the Tsushima Warm Current strength

The climate changes affected the development of inland and marine cultures differently