Meander bend migration is described through a catch-up behavior, driven by intermittent bank collapse events

As the river bend evolves increasing its apex curvature, bank collapse tends to occur at the location of maximum shear stress

Individual bank collapse events speed up the short-term migration rate of meandering rivers

Over May to October in 2014–2017, 10 and 5 ozone pollution episodes (OPEs) occurred in North China and Yangtze River Delta, respectively

Enhanced BVOC emissions and reduced stomatal O₃ uptakes contributed 1.4 ppbv (8.4%) and 3.8 ppbv (22.9%) O₃ to OPEs in North China and YRD

The O₃ vegetation damages lead to positive feedbacks onto seasonal-mean surface O₃, but the feedbacks are not exacerbated during OPEs

Storm season mean SST is 0.9°C higher over North Atlantic during the Last Interglacial (LIG) based on the multimodel ensemble mean

Potential intensity shows a zonal dipole anomaly over the main developmental region (MDR) during the LIG, with positive (negative) anomalies over the western (eastern) MDR

Favorable conditions for tropical cyclone genesis shift from the eastern to western MDR during the LIG, together with enhanced large-scale steering flows

Long-lasting poloidal Alfven waves with no corresponding particle sources are often observed, but no theories are available yet

We derive two new necessary conditions for the existence of persistent poloidal modes in terms of energy and wavenumber

We present a statistical database to compare its events with the theoretical conditions, which are very consistent with the observations

Laboratory earthquakes are associated with seismic velocity and amplitude drops in crustal rocks

Velocity drops are controlled by the stress acting on the fault and degree of damage in the fault wall

Amplitude drops are partly controlled by the state of stress and partly affected by dissipative (inelastic) phenomena occurring on-fault

Explainable neural networks can serve as a new tool for identifying patterns of Earth-system predictability

Oceanic patterns that lend predictability in Community Earth System Model Version 2 occur in similar locations to known oceanic modes

The proposed method can be used to separate the timing and location of predictable patterns

Terrain induced heterogeneity of the atmospheric boundary layer in terms of mixing layer height and wind shear was found

Spatiotemporal variations in transboundary aerosol at upper level were identified by the four-LiDAR network

Terrestrial and marine atmosphere boundary layers determined the process of transboundary-local aerosols interaction via turbulence

Experimental determination of lower mantle melting reltaions and phase diagram by laser-heated diamond anvil cell

One third of a pyrolitic magma ocean would first crystallize iron-depleted bridgmanite, than contains a substantial amounts of calcium

Calcium concentration in liquidus bridgmanite is constant from 52 to 129 GPa, and delays the crystallization of calcium-silicate perovskite

We have constrained the establishment of a major Siberian river-the Irtysh River-to ca. 2.8 Ma by a combination of ²¹Ne and ²⁶Al/¹⁰Be

The timing of the Irtysh's establishment provides radioisotopic evidence for a geologically young Siberian-Arctic river system

This work supports a profound impact of Siberian freshwater input to Arctic on Northern Hemisphere ice-sheet expansions during late Pliocene

Long-term changes in the delay of the breakdown of the Southern Hemisphere stratospheric polar vortex can be largely explained by a linear response to ozone-depleting substances and to global warming

The tug-of-war between ozone recovery and global warming manifests itself in the stratospheric vortex breakdown delay and propagates to the troposphere

The uncertainty in future changes in regional precipitation in the Southern Hemisphere is subject to the combined effects of the uncertainty in tropical warming and in the vortex breakdown delay

Isopycnal floats deployed on the same isopycnal surface do not feel vertical shear and thus separate very slowly

For larger separations, > 20 km, mesoscale eddy activity dominates, and the 4/3-diffusivity law applies

Relative dispersion is exponential with a 10.8 days time constant for the first 30 days

Pluto reached an historically small solar phase angle that will not be repeated for 161 years and that complements New Horizons observations

Observations with the adaptive optics system at Palomar Observatory during this time successfully captured both hemispheres of Pluto

Pluto exhibits an unusually large opposition surge that may be due to active geology and an unusual surface texture

We use deep learning algorithms to identify nearly 100 swarms in Southern California lasting 6 months to 7 years

53% of the swarms have ultra-slow diffusive patterns with propagating backfronts, suggesting they are fluid driven

The chronology of the swarms shows that these aseismic driving processes were occurring at all times during 2008–2020

The TSIS-1 Spectral Irradiance Monitor and Compact SIM instruments observe the Sun's irradiance spectrum at high accuracy

The TSIS-1 Hybrid Solar Reference Spectrum consists of high resolution solar line data normalized to the TSIS-1 SIM irradiance spectrum

The TSIS-1 Hybrid Solar Reference Spectrum has at least 0.01 nm spectral resolution, spans 202–2730 nm, and is accurate to 0.3%–1.3%

Over the 21^st century, the Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR)–El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) relationship has strengthened and almost recovered to its pre-1980 level

On interannual and decadal timescales, the tropical Indian Ocean warming (cooling) indicates a stronger (weaker) Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR)–El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) relationship

The Indian Ocean basin-wide sea surface temperature anomaly in summer is related to different types of temporal evolution of El Niño-Southern Oscillation

We investigate the effects of sulfate aerosols, carbon dioxide and dust produced by the Chicxulub impact on climate and the marine biosphere

Nutrients from the deep ocean and the projectile induce a short increase in marine primary productivity after the impact-induced darkness

Simulated post-impact warming and carbon isotope changes indicate substantial emissions of carbon from the terrestrial biosphere

We predict size and timing of lab quakes from active source ultrasonic data and deep learning models yield the most accurate predictions

Predictions are accurate despite irregular seismic cycles

Deep learning models transfer better to other datasets; transfer learning reduces the training time and size of training data

Electromagnetic emissions stimulated by powerful radio waves in the ionosphere commonly exhibit an exponential frequency spectrum

Exponential fluctuation power spectra are a characteristic of deterministic chaos

A simplified model of parametric four-wave interaction in two-dimensional geometry shows how the chaotic dynamics can occur

First detection of a natural earthquake using balloon-borne infrasound data

Rayleigh wave-induced infrasound dispersion characteristics provide constraints on subsurface velocities

Shallow waveguides, focal mechanism, and subwavelength topographic changes control infrasound amplitude and dispersion by weak earthquakes

The transition from planar to branched hydraulic fractures was observed and quantified

Branching requires permeable, pre-existing natural weak layers with microcracks as well as a favorable stress state

Fracture branching is promoted by optimized injection rates and fluid viscosity

The ambient sound level in the East Siberian Sea, showing a negative correlation with the sea ice concentration (SIC), is highest in September

The ambient sound level increased by 16 dB because of geophony and anthrophony with the reduction in the SIC

The ambient sound level may increase with accelerated sea ice melting in the future

A continuous and centennial-resolved leaf wax hydrogen isotope record (δD_wax) over the past 28 ka in Indian-monsoon influenced southwestern China

Consistent long-term and millennial variations in reconstructed rainfall isotopes in Indian and East Asian monsoon regions

A possible link between reconstructed rainfall isotopes and the monsoon trough revealed by TraCE21ka transient simulation

The rare event algorithm increases by several orders of magnitude the number of warm summers and heatwaves sampled by the model

Warm summers over either France or Scandinavia are linked to wavenumber 3 hemispheric teleconnection patterns

Warm summers in Scandinavia show bimodality due to different distribution of subsequent subseasonal heatwaves

Many Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) General Circulation Models (GCMs) have climate sensitivities larger than the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change uncertainty range or other assessments, largely thanks to cloud feedbacks

This increase in sensitivity is correlated with an increase in vertical resolution—particularly important for cloud processes

However, tripling the vertical resolution in one CMIP6 GCM, we found that climate sensitivity and feedbacks barely change

We report shock-induced incongruent melting of olivine in an ordinary chondrite for the first time

Olivine first dissociated to magnesiowüstite and liquid followed by crystallization of bridgmanite from the residual liquid

Olivine grains may have experienced pressure and temperature of ∼25 GPa and ∼2500°C

A wavelet-based spectral principal component analysis is used to examine CMIP6 models in reproducing the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO)

CMIP6 models capture the average MJO propagation speed but significantly underestimate the MJO contribution to the total intraseasonal climate variability

Precipitation variability related to MJO over the Amazonia, Southwest Africa, and Maritime Continent is underestimated in CMIP6 models

Magnetic measurements help constrain the hydrological interpretation of resistivity models in volcanic settings

Hydrogeophysical interpretations of deep airborne electromagnetic imaging unveil groundwater stratified flows between volcanic units

Coupled analysis of airborne electromagnetic and magnetic data sets allows us to improve groundwater management from local to regional scale

We used ICESat-2 laser altimetry to map prevalent rampart-moat (R-M) structures along the Ross Ice Shelf front

R-M structures indicate a submerged buoyant bench seaward of the aerial ice front and ice stresses that may cause small-scale calving

Along-front variation of R-M height differences provides insight into sensitivity to oceanic and glaciological conditions

Mechanistic model for Antarctic krill spawning habitat uses thermal and food constraints on egg production, and predation on egg survival

Optimizing from regional data we generate circumpolar predictions to show half of quality spawning habitat is in the southwest Atlantic

Spatial management units for the krill fishery do not all represent optimal spawning habitat, suggesting some areas rely on recruit import

Parameterized wind-dependent lake spray aerosol emission fluxes based on laboratory observations

Heterogeneous reactions of CaCO₃ with HNO₃ increase nitrate aerosol

Lake spray emissions of Ca²⁺ ions leads to an increase in particulate nitrate and a reduction in particulate ammonium