If realistic convective diabatic heating is supplied at the correct places and times, GW-resolving models can reasonably reproduce Convection-generated gravity waves (CGWs)

While location and type of convective storm do influence latent heating, these difference are of second order importance for CGW forcing

Drag due to convection-generated GWs from a compact source region is spread over O(1,000) km due to lateral propagation

We evaluate the stratospheric dynamics of CMIP5 and CMIP6 versions of the EC-Earth model

Simulation of the stratosphere is in better agreement with reanalyses in the EC-Earth CMIP6 configuration

Biases in the upper atmosphere of the CMIP6 model version are quantified with DynVarMIP diagnostics

Shallow convolutional neural networks (CNNs) accurately parameterize high Reynolds number forced2D turbulence, with efficient training and high online large eddy simulations accuracy

Extensive hyperparameter searching and cyclical learning rates yield robust and accurate online solutions for CNN-based turbulence models

The success of shallow CNNs implies nearly-local dependence of SGS stresses providing insights into turbulent flow interactions

McSnow is extended by an explicit habit prediction including the revision of corresponding parameterizations

A new inherent growth ratio overcoming existing deficiencies is proposed

The impact of the modifications on the depositional growth, aggregation, and riming is shown for two distinct case studies

Hyperspectral canopy radiative transfer model is used to assess the biases in electron transport, photosynthesis, and fluorescence

Vegetation gross primary productivity and solar-induced fluorescence may be substantially biased in broadband radiative transfer models

Approaches are provided for broadband radiative transfer models

Coastal wetlands store large amounts of carbon and are sensitive to chemical interactions driven by salinity and tidal fluctuations

We coupled a land surface model to a reactive transport model to simulate biogeochemical cycling in saline and fresh tidal wetlands

Sulfate availability in saline wetlands lowered simulated methane emissions, which compared well with site measurements

Oceanic lateral diffusivity is estimated by the dispersion rate of coherent mesoscale eddies

Diffusivity of coherent eddies matches the upper-layer tracer diffusivity in quasigeostrophic simulations

In 3D simulations, the coherent diffusivity is correlated with the tracer diffusivity at the e-folding depth of energy-containing eddies

The accuracy of tides in ocean models is affected by the representation of topography, which is constrained by model horizontal resolution

The geometric effect of the sub-grid scale topographic features can be approximated in the model with the porous barriers

The porous barriers can significantly reduce globally averaged errors for barotropic tides

Assuming only marginal cloud-cloud interactions, organized cloud ensembles in radiative convective equilibrium can be modeled using heterogeneous spatial point processes

At scales smaller than 5 km, fluctuations in total mass flux are dominated by the variability in cloud mass flux

At scales larger than 5 km, fluctuations in total mass flux are mostly controlled by the spatial variability in cloud count

This work presents a new framework that couples the Crocus snow model, with Land Surface Models within the NASA Land Information System

The coupled systems improve the estimation of snow depth and snow water equivalent relative to the gridded observations

The corresponding impacts in other water budget terms, such as evapotranspiration, soil moisture, and streamflow, are mixed

An explicit air-conditioning adoption scheme is developed for the building energy model in the Community Land Model Urban

A global air-conditioning adoption rate data set is built for Community Earth System Model, with potential for use in other global-scale models and analyses

The new scheme and data set greatly improve model performance and enable more comprehensive climate and energy risk assessments

A suite of test cases is presented for the verification of barotropic dynamics of ocean models, with exact and manufactured solutions

Specifications are provided for coastal Kelvin wave, inertia-gravity wave, planetary and topographic Rossby waves, barotropic tide, and non-linear cases

Results are presented for a variety of time-stepping methods and two types of spatial discretizations: TRiSK and discontinuous Galerkin spectral element method

History matching and Ensemble Kalman Inversion (EKI) were used to calibrate two parameters in a gravity wave parameterization to Quasi-Biennial Oscillation observations

History matching was found to rapidly and compactly produce an estimate of the plausible space of parameters when compared to EKI

EKI was found to be strong at single best estimates of the calibrated parameters at low ensemble sizes requiring few iterations

We develop a new cloud macrophysics scheme by prognosing two triangular probability density functions for each detrained cumulus and pure stratus

The new scheme computes both cloud fraction and cloud condensate in all liquid, ice, and mixed-phases in a consistent and unified way

The new scheme simulates more cloud condensate but less cloud fraction than the old scheme with improved relative humidity and global performance

Extension of the subgrid energy equation of the kinetic energy backscatter parameterization by adding advection and a stochastic term

Both additional terms improve several flow characteristics in two idealized test cases, a channel and a double-gyre

Scale analysis reveals the necessity of sufficient scale separation between viscous energy dissipation and energy injection via backscatter

Sea level, measured relative to a geopotential iso-surface, is the surface dynamic pressure for the oceanic momentum balance

Barotropic and baroclinic dynamics combine in determining the sea level

A decomposition of tidal sea level and pressure-gradient force in a Pacific Ocean simulation shows barotropic-baroclinic coupling

A new variable-resolution global chemistry-climate model has been developed for research at the nexus of US climate and air quality extremes

This model unifies component advances in physics, chemistry and land-atmosphere interactions within a seamless variable-resolution framework

This model features much improved US regional precipitation, drought, and air quality extremes compared to previous models

We build an emulator to replace the Zhao-Carr Fortran microphysics scheme in FV3GFS

The integrated emulator sustains high skill throughout a 1-year simulation

Tailoring the ML architecture to the structure of the underlying scheme greatly improves the online behavior of the emulator

We apply an autocalibration method to uncertain parameters in the Energy Exascale Earth System Model version 2 (E3SMv2) atmosphere model

We use a 250-member perturbed parameter E3SMv2 ensemble to train a polynomial chaos surrogate model and optimize input parameters

The autocalibrated parameter set improves E3SMv2's root-mean-squared-error against observations by 2.7%