Kīlauea caldera collapse-related seismicity is a source of seismic hazard in Hawai‘i and should be included in a complete seismic hazard assessment

Their occurrence is modeled by combining distributions for the number of caldera collapses and number of earthquakes per collapse

The event occurrence model is non-Poisson, and this approach may be generalizable for other seismogenic processes

Morphometric boundaries investigated in 105 modern deltas globally

Slope break and avulsion lengths show the strongest scaling relationship, more significant than previous scaling relationships

Processes contributing to this slope-break avulsion length scaling relationship are proposed along with conceptual model of the implications

‘Urban Dry Islands’ (UDI) effects are detected across a large climatic gradient

Urbanization exacerbates global warming and UHI effects on UDI through reducing evapotranspiration and water vapor availability

The magnitude and frequency of UDI are more pronounced in humid regions than arid regions due to differences in vegetation and climate

Turbulence emerges in a marginally stable ocean interior by localized bursts in shear

Data suggests shear instability is the prevalent facilitator of turbulence, even close to boundaries

The marginally unstable turbulent patches seem to mix optimally during most of their life cycles

We estimate Central Valley groundwater unloading viscoelastic effects on present-day central San Andreas (CSAF) fault stressing

Coulomb stress change for the CSAF during the 2006-2010 drought corresponds positively with seismicity and low frequency earthquakes

Cumulative Coulomb stress change on the CSAF for 1860-2010 is on the order of ∼0.01-0.02 MPa depending on the lower crustal viscosity

Multiple leaking mode dispersion curves are extracted from ambient noise cross-correlation functions

Spatial stacking and time windows are used to enhance the leaking modes

The joint inversion of leaking and normal modes can reliably generate Vp and Vp/Vs ratio structures

Conventional aerosol data assimilation (DA) suffers from large uncertainties when using satellite aerosol optical depth (AOD) observations

Machine learning (ML) was applied to estimate ground PM concentrations from the satellite AOD for use in the conventional 3D-VAR DA system

The modified DA experiment remarkably improves the PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 prediction performance compared to the conventional AOD DA experiment

We parameterize the turbulent mixing enhanced over high-wavenumber bathymetry with a revised formulation of its vertical decay scale

The vertical decay scale of bottom-enhanced mixing is given by the vertical mean free path of internal lee waves from the ocean bottom

The upward extent of mixing is in proportion to the abyssal current velocity squared and the inverse abyssal buoyancy frequency squared

Magnetic data and microscopic inspection indicate the main source of remanent magnetization is oxide exsolution lamellae in pyroxenes

Simultaneous inversion of scanning magnetic microscopy data acquired above and below the sample indicate heterogeneous magnetization

Magnetic inversion results are consistent with sample’s bulk remanent magnetization measurements

ENSO intensity is sensitive to the zonal location of SSS anomalies and becomes strongest when they are located in the central Pacific

Asymmetric zonal structure of SSS anomalies strengthens the asymmetry of SST anomalies between El Niño and La Niña

Vertical mixing and entrainment dominate SSS-related SST changes during ENSO cycle