The effect of deglaciation on mantle melting beneath Iceland
Abstract
The spreading ridge on Iceland shows large variations in eruption rate over the last 10,000 years. An increase of about 30 times the steady state value, between 10,000 and 8000 years ago, coincides with the disappearance of ice at the end of the last ice age. We examine the possibility that deglaciation caused this increase by modeling the effect on melt generation of the removal of an axisymmetric ice sheet from a spreading ridge. Our calculations take into account the influence of both a nonhydrostatic stress field and viscous flow. The results show that the average melting rate is increased by about 30 times its steady state value when a 2‐km‐thick ice sheet melts in 1000 years. The effect of the glacial cycle of loading and unloading is to cause a nonlinear modulation in the melt production. The factor of 30 increase in melt generation during the 1‐kyr unloading can occur only because melt generation is reduced for about 60 kyr after the ice load is applied. The total volume of magma that can be produced from the deglaciation of Iceland is about 3100 km3. The concentrations of the light rare earth elements in the melt produced by deglaciation near the center of the ice sheet are about 15% less than those in melts produced by steady state melting. Transport time for the melt to reach the surface is not yet well constrained but is likely to be less than ∼1 kyr.
Number of times cited: 133
- Graeme T. Swindles, Elizabeth J. Watson, Ivan P. Savov, Ian T. Lawson, Anja Schmidt, Andrew Hooper, Claire L. Cooper, Charles B. Connor, Manuel Gloor and Jonathan L. Carrivick, Climatic control on Icelandic volcanic activity during the mid-Holocene, Geology, 10.1130/G39633.1, 46, 1, (47-50), (2017).
- PingPing Huang, Patrick Wu and Wouter van der Wal, Effects of mantle rheologies on viscous heating induced by Glacial Isostatic Adjustment, Geophysical Journal International, 10.1093/gji/ggx535, 213, 1, (157-168), (2017).
- Claire L. Cooper, Graeme T. Swindles, Ivan P. Savov, Anja Schmidt and Karen L. Bacon, Evaluating the relationship between climate change and volcanism, Earth-Science Reviews, 10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.11.009, 177, (238-247), (2018).
- J.L. Smellie, Glaciovolcanism, Past Glacial Environments, 10.1016/B978-0-08-100524-8.00010-5, (335-375), (2018).
- Benjamin van Wyk de Vries and Maximillian van Wyk de Vries, Tectonics and Volcanic and Igneous Plumbing Systems, Volcanic and Igneous Plumbing Systems, 10.1016/B978-0-12-809749-6.00007-8, (167-189), (2018).
- Julie C. Schindlbeck, Marion Jegen, Armin Freundt, Steffen Kutterolf, Susanne M. Straub, Maryline J. Mleneck-Vautravers and Jerry F. McManus, 100- kyr cyclicity in volcanic ash emplacement: evidence from a 1.1 Myr tephra record from the NW Pacific, Scientific Reports, 10.1038/s41598-018-22595-0, 8, 1, (2018).
- William J. Shinevar, Mark D. Behn, Greg Hirth and Oliver Jagoutz, Inferring crustal viscosity from seismic velocity: Application to the lower crust of Southern California, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 10.1016/j.epsl.2018.04.055, 494, (83-91), (2018).
- Kathleen Compton, Richard A. Bennett, Sigrún Hreinsdóttir, Tonie van Dam, Andrea Bordoni, Valentina Barletta and Giorgio Spada, Short‐term variations of Icelandic ice cap mass inferred from cGPS coordinate time series, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 18, 6, (2099-2119), (2017).
- A. G. Simakin and Ya. D. Murav’ev, The relationship between glaciation and volcanism: Numerical simulation and the Holocene volcanism in Kamchatka, Journal of Volcanology and Seismology, 10.1134/S074204631703006X, 11, 3, (187-205), (2017).
- Ming Tang, William F. McDonough and Richard D. Ash, Europium and strontium anomalies in the MORB source mantle, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 10.1016/j.gca.2016.10.025, 197, (132-141), (2017).
- E.J. Watson, G.T. Swindles, I.P. Savov, I.T. Lawson, C.B. Connor and J.A. Wilson, Estimating the frequency of volcanic ash clouds over northern Europe, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.11.054, 460, (41-49), (2017).
- Henry Patton, Alun Hubbard, Tom Bradwell and Anders Schomacker, The configuration, sensitivity and rapid retreat of the Late Weichselian Icelandic ice sheet, Earth-Science Reviews, 10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.02.001, 166, (223-245), (2017).
- J. T. Cullen and L. A. Coogan, Changes in Fe Oxidation Rate in Hydrothermal Plumes as a Potential Driver of Enhanced Hydrothermal Input to Near‐Ridge Sediments During Glacial Terminations, Geophysical Research Letters, 44, 23, (11,951-11,958), (2017).
- Margaret E. Hartley, Thorvaldur Thordarson and Alexandra de Joux, Postglacial eruptive history of the Askja region, North Iceland, Bulletin of Volcanology, 10.1007/s00445-016-1022-7, 78, 4, (2016).
- Simon Turner, Thomas Kokfelt, Kaj Hoernle, Craig Lundstrom and Folkmar Hauff, 231 Pa systematics in postglacial volcanic rocks from Iceland, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 10.1016/j.gca.2015.12.011, 185, (129-140), (2016).
- Harriet Rawson, David M. Pyle, Tamsin A. Mather, Victoria C. Smith, Karen Fontijn, Stefan M. Lachowycz and José A. Naranjo, The magmatic and eruptive response of arc volcanoes to deglaciation: Insights from southern Chile, Geology, 10.1130/G37504.1, 44, 4, (251-254), (2016).
- Pietro Sternai, Luca Caricchi, Sébastien Castelltort and Jean‐Daniel Champagnac, Deglaciation and glacial erosion: A joint control on magma productivity by continental unloading, Geophysical Research Letters, 43, 4, (1632-1641), (2016).
- Armelle Decaulne, Etienne Cossart, Denis Mercier, Thierry Feuillet, Julien Coquin and Helgi Páll Jónsson, An early Holocene age for the Vatn landslide (Skagafjörður, central northern Iceland): Insights into the role of postglacial landsliding on slope development, The Holocene, 10.1177/0959683616638432, 26, 8, (1304-1318), (2016).
- J.- A. Olive, M. D. Behn, G. Ito, W. R. Buck, J. Escartin and S. Howell, Sensitivity of seafloor bathymetry to climate-driven fluctuations in mid-ocean ridge magma supply, Science, 10.1126/science.aad0715, 350, 6258, (310-313), (2015).
- Jonathan M.A. Burley and Richard F. Katz, Variations in mid-ocean ridge CO2 emissions driven by glacial cycles, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 10.1016/j.epsl.2015.06.031, 426, (246-258), (2015).
- William J. Shinevar, Mark D. Behn and Greg Hirth, Compositional dependence of lower crustal viscosity, Geophysical Research Letters, 42, 20, (8333-8340), (2015).
- J. A. Vazquez and J. M. Woolford, Late Pleistocene ages for the most recent volcanism and glacial‐pluvial deposits at Big Pine volcanic field, California, USA, from cosmogenic 36Cl dating, "Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems", 16, 9, (2812-2828), (2015).
- Deborah E. Eason, John M. Sinton, Karl Grönvold and Mark D. Kurz, Effects of deglaciation on the petrology and eruptive history of the Western Volcanic Zone, Iceland, Bulletin of Volcanology, 10.1007/s00445-015-0916-0, 77, 6, (2015).
- Maya Tolstoy, Mid‐ocean ridge eruptions as a climate valve, Geophysical Research Letters, 42, 5, (1346-1351), (2015).
- Hans-Ulrich Schmincke and Mari Sumita, Impact of volcanism on the evolution of Lake Van (eastern Anatolia) III: Periodic (Nemrut) vs. episodic (Süphan) explosive eruptions and climate forcing reflected in a tephra gap between ca. 14ka and ca. 30ka, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.08.015, 285, (195-213), (2014).
- Neil C. Mitchell and Yongcheol Park, Nature of crust in the central Red Sea, Tectonophysics, 10.1016/j.tecto.2014.04.029, 628, (123-139), (2014).
- Edgardo Cañón-Tapia, Volcanic eruption triggers: A hierarchical classification, Earth-Science Reviews, 10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.11.011, 129, (100-119), (2014).
- Etienne Cossart, Denis Mercier, Armelle Decaulne, Thierry Feuillet, Helgi Páll Jónsson and Þorsteinn Sæmundsson, Impacts of post‐glacial rebound on landslide spatial distribution at a regional scale in northern Iceland (Skagafjörður), Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 39, 3, (336-350), (2013).
- R. Grapenthin, CrusDe: A plug-in based simulation framework for composable Crustal Deformation studies using Green's functions, Computers & Geosciences, 10.1016/j.cageo.2013.07.005, 62, (168-177), (2014).
- S. J. de Vet, M. C. Mittelmeijer-Hazeleger, J. J. M. Braakhekke and L. H. Cammeraat, Physical weathering and modification of a rhyolitic hyaloclastite in Iceland, Bulletin of Volcanology, 10.1007/s00445-014-0833-7, 76, 6, (2014).
- J. C. Schindlbeck, A. Freundt and S. Kutterolf, Major changes in the post-glacial evolution of magmatic compositions and pre-eruptive conditions of Llaima Volcano, Andean Southern Volcanic Zone, Chile, Bulletin of Volcanology, 10.1007/s00445-014-0830-x, 76, 6, (2014).
- Aldo Marturano, Giuseppe Aiello and Diana Barra, Somma-Vesuvius ground deformation over the last glacial cycle, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2013.02.007, 255, (90-97), (2013).
- Sebastian F.L. Watt, David M. Pyle and Tamsin A. Mather, The volcanic response to deglaciation: Evidence from glaciated arcs and a reassessment of global eruption records, Earth-Science Reviews, 10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.03.007, 122, (77-102), (2013).
- Chloé Michaut, David Baratoux and Clément Thorey, Magmatic intrusions and deglaciation at mid-latitude in the northern plains of Mars, Icarus, 10.1016/j.icarus.2013.04.015, 225, 1, (602-613), (2013).
- P. Schmidt, B. Lund, C. Hieronymus, J. Maclennan, T. Árnadóttir and C. Pagli, Effects of present‐day deglaciation in Iceland on mantle melt production rates, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 118, 7, (3366-3379), (2013).
- Kenneth W.W. Sims, John Maclennan, Janne Blichert-Toft, Evelyn M. Mervine, Jurek Blusztajn and Karl Grönvold, Short length scale mantle heterogeneity beneath Iceland probed by glacial modulation of melting, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 10.1016/j.epsl.2013.07.027, 379, (146-157), (2013).
- Steffen. Kutterolf, Marion Jegen, Jerry X. Mitrovica, Tom Kwasnitschka, Armin Freundt and Peter J. Huybers, A detection of Milankovitch frequencies in global volcanic activity, Geology, 10.1130/G33419.1, 41, 2, (227-230), (2013).
- Vera Ponomareva, Maxim Portnyagin, Alexander Derkachev, I. Florin Pendea, Joanne Bourgeois, Paula J. Reimer, Dieter Garbe-Schönberg, Stepan Krasheninnikov and Dirk Nürnberg, Early Holocene M~6 explosive eruption from Plosky volcanic massif (Kamchatka) and its tephra as a link between terrestrial and marine paleoenvironmental records, International Journal of Earth Sciences, 10.1007/s00531-013-0898-0, 102, 6, (1673-1699), (2013).
- Hilary R. Martens and Robert S. White, Triggering of microearthquakes in Iceland by volatiles released from a dyke intrusion, Geophysical Journal International, 10.1093/gji/ggt184, 194, 3, (1738-1754), (2013).
- Mari Sumita and Hans-Ulrich Schmincke, Impact of volcanism on the evolution of Lake Van II: Temporal evolution of explosive volcanism of Nemrut Volcano (eastern Anatolia) during the past ca. 0.4Ma, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2012.12.009, 253, (15-34), (2013).
- Aldo Marturano, Giuseppe Aiello, Diana Barra, Lorenzo Fedele and Vincenzo Morra, Ground movement at Somma–Vesuvius from Last Glacial Maximum, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.10.003, 211-212, (24-35), (2012).
- Ian T. Lawson, Graeme T. Swindles, Gill Plunkett and David Greenberg, The spatial distribution of Holocene cryptotephras in north-west Europe since 7 ka: implications for understanding ash fall events from Icelandic eruptions, Quaternary Science Reviews, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.02.018, 41, (57-66), (2012).
- Kim Deeming, Bill McGuire and Paul Harrop, Climate Change and Collapsing Volcanoes: Evidence from Mount Etna, Sicily, Climate Forcing of Geological Hazards, (56-77), (2012).
- Freysteinn Sigmundsson, Fabien Albino, Peter Schmidt, Björn Lund, Virginie Pinel, Andrew Hooper and Carolina Pagli, Multiple Effects of Ice Load Changes and Associated Stress Change on Magmatic Systems, Climate Forcing of Geological Hazards, (108-123), (2012).
- Tim J. Wright, Freysteinn Sigmundsson, Carolina Pagli, Manahloh Belachew, Ian J. Hamling, Bryndís Brandsdóttir, Derek Keir, Rikke Pedersen, Atalay Ayele, Cindy Ebinger, Páll Einarsson, Elias Lewi and Eric Calais, Geophysical constraints on the dynamics of spreading centres from rifting episodes on land, Nature Geoscience, 10.1038/ngeo1428, 5, 4, (242-250), (2012).
- J. M. Koornneef, A. Stracke, B. Bourdon, M. A. Meier, K. P. Jochum, B. Stoll and K. Grönvold, Melting of a Two-component Source beneath Iceland, Journal of Petrology, 10.1093/petrology/egr059, 53, 1, (127-157), (2011).
- Silke Lohmar, Miguel Parada, Francisco Gutiérrez, Claude Robin and Marie Christine Gerbe, Mineralogical and numerical approaches to establish the pre-eruptive conditions of the mafic Licán Ignimbrite, Villarrica Volcano (Chilean Southern Andes), Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2012.05.006, 235-236, (55-69), (2012).
- Gabriele Uenzelmann‐Neben, Daniela N. Schmidt, Frank Niessen and Rüdiger Stein, Intraplate volcanism off South Greenland: caused by glacial rebound?, Geophysical Journal International, 190, 1, (1-7), (2012).
- J.M. Koornneef, A. Stracke, B. Bourdon and K. Grönvold, The influence of source heterogeneity on the U–Th–Pa–Ra disequilibria in post-glacial tholeiites from Iceland, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 10.1016/j.gca.2012.03.041, 87, (243-266), (2012).
- Felicity Liggins, Richard A. Betts and Bill McGuire, Projected Future Climate Changes in the Context of Geological and Geomorphological Hazards, Climate Forcing of Geological Hazards, (34-55), (2012).
- Jacqueline Owen, Hugh Tuffen and David W. McGarvie, Using dissolved H2O in rhyolitic glasses to estimate palaeo-ice thickness during a subglacial eruption at Bláhnúkur (Torfajökull, Iceland), Bulletin of Volcanology, 10.1007/s00445-012-0601-5, 74, 6, (1355-1378), (2012).
- Bill McGuire, Hazardous Responses of the Solid Earth to a Changing Climate, Climate Forcing of Geological Hazards, (1-33), (2012).
- Hugh Tuffen, Melting Ice and Volcanic Hazards in the Twenty‐First Century, Climate Forcing of Geological Hazards, (78-107), (2012).
- Adelina Geyer and Ilya Bindeman, Glacial influence on caldera-forming eruptions, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.02.001, 202, 1-2, (127-142), (2011).
- Andrew Hooper, Benedikt Ófeigsson, Freysteinn Sigmundsson, Björn Lund, Páll Einarsson, Halldór Geirsson and Erik Sturkell, Increased capture of magma in the crust promoted by ice-cap retreat in Iceland, Nature Geoscience, 10.1038/ngeo1269, 4, 11, (783-786), (2011).
- David C. Lund and Paul D. Asimow, Does sea level influence mid‐ocean ridge magmatism on Milankovitch timescales?, "Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems", 12, 12, (2011).
- David J. R. Thornalley, I. Nick McCave and Harry Elderfield, Tephra in deglacial ocean sediments south of Iceland: Stratigraphy, geochemistry and oceanic reservoir ages, Journal of Quaternary Science, 26, 2, (190-198), (2011).
- Giuliano F. Panza, Antonella Peresan and Elisa Zuccolo, Climatic modulation of seismicity in the Alpine–Himalayan mountain ranges, Terra Nova, 23, 1, (19-25), (2010).
- Benjamin R. Edwards, James K. Russell and Kirstie Simpson, Volcanology and petrology of Mathews Tuya, northern British Columbia, Canada: glaciovolcanic constraints on interpretations of the 0.730 Ma Cordilleran paleoclimate, Bulletin of Volcanology, 10.1007/s00445-010-0418-z, 73, 5, (479-496), (2010).
- Graeme T. Swindles, Ian T. Lawson, Ivan P. Savov, Charles B. Connor and Gill Plunkett, A 7000 yr perspective on volcanic ash clouds affecting northern Europe, Geology, 10.1130/G32146.1, 39, 9, (887-890), (2011).
- K. R. Deeming, B. McGuire and P. Harrop, Climate forcing of volcano lateral collapse: evidence from Mount Etna, Sicily, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 10.1098/rsta.2010.0054, 368, 1919, (2559-2577), (2010).
- H. Tuffen, How will melting of ice affect volcanic hazards in the twenty-first century?, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 10.1098/rsta.2010.0063, 368, 1919, (2535-2558), (2010).
- F. Albino, V. Pinel and F. Sigmundsson, Influence of surface load variations on eruption likelihood: application to two Icelandic subglacial volcanoes, Grímsvötn and Katla, Geophysical Journal International, 181, 3, (1510-1524), (2010).
- F. Sigmundsson, V. Pinel, B. Lund, F. Albino, C. Pagli, H. Geirsson and E. Sturkell, Climate effects on volcanism: influence on magmatic systems of loading and unloading from ice mass variations, with examples from Iceland, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 10.1098/rsta.2010.0042, 368, 1919, (2519-2534), (2010).
- Eugenio Carminati and Carlo Doglioni, North Atlantic geoid high, volcanism and glaciations, Geophysical Research Letters, 37, 3, (2010).
- F. Liggins, R. A. Betts and B. McGuire, Projected future climate changes in the context of geological and geomorphological hazards, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 10.1098/rsta.2010.0072, 368, 1919, (2347-2367), (2010).
- B. McGuire, Potential for a hazardous geospheric response to projected future climate changes, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 10.1098/rsta.2010.0080, 368, 1919, (2317-2345), (2010).
- Ronni Grapenthin, Benedikt G. Ófeigsson, Freysteinn Sigmundsson, Erik Sturkell and Andrew Hooper, Pressure sources versus surface loads: Analyzing volcano deformation signal composition with an application to Hekla volcano, Iceland, Geophysical Research Letters, 37, 20, (2010).
- Jonathan L. Carrivick, Andrew J. Russell, E. Lucy Rushmer, Fiona S. Tweed, Phillip M. Marren, Hugh Deeming and Oliver J. Lowe, Geomorphological evidence towards a de‐glacial control on volcanism, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 34, 8, (1164-1178), (2009).
- Evgeny A. Podolskiy, Effects of Recent Environmental Changes on Global Seismicity and Volcanism, Earth Interactions, 10.1175/2009EI262.1, 13, 4, (1-14), (2009).
- Thomas Find Kokfelt, Kaj Hoernle, Craig Lundstrom, Folkmar Hauff and Christel van den Bogaard, Time-scales for magmatic differentiation at the Snaefellsjökull central volcano, western Iceland: Constraints from U–Th–Pa–Ra disequilibria in post-glacial lavas, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 10.1016/j.gca.2008.11.021, 73, 4, (1120-1144), (2009).
- A. Manconi, M.-A. Longpre, T. R. Walter, V. R. Troll and T. H. Hansteen, The effects of flank collapses on volcano plumbing systems, Geology, 10.1130/G30104A.1, 37, 12, (1099-1102), (2009).
- Peter Huybers and Charles Langmuir, Feedback between deglaciation, volcanism, and atmospheric CO2, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.07.014, 286, 3-4, (479-491), (2009).
- Marc‐Antoine Longpré, Valentin R. Troll, Thomas R. Walter and Thor H. Hansteen, Volcanic and geochemical evolution of the Teno massif, Tenerife, Canary Islands: Some repercussions of giant landslides on ocean island magmatism, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 10, 12, (2009).
- M. Rabinowicz and M. J. Toplis, Melt Segregation in the Lower Part of the Partially Molten Mantle Zone beneath an Oceanic Spreading Centre: Numerical Modelling of the Combined Effects of Shear Segregation and Compaction, Journal of Petrology, 10.1093/petrology/egp033, 50, 6, (1071-1106), (2009).
- V.G. Batanova and G.N. Savelieva, Melt migration in the mantle beneath spreading zones and formation of replacive dunites: a review, Russian Geology and Geophysics, 10.1016/j.rgg.2009.08.008, 50, 9, (763-778), (2009).
- David W. Peate, Joel A. Baker, Sveinn P. Jakobsson, Tod E. Waight, Adam J. R. Kent, Nathalie V. Grassineau and Anna Cecile Skovgaard, Historic magmatism on the Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland: a snap-shot of melt generation at a ridge segment, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 10.1007/s00410-008-0339-4, 157, 3, (359-382), (2008).
- Dave McGarvie, Rhyolitic volcano–ice interactions in Iceland, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.11.019, 185, 4, (367-389), (2009).
- Sebastian Garcia, Jacques Angelier, Françoise Bergerat, Catherine Homberg and Olivier Dauteuil, Influence of rift jump and excess loading on the structural evolution of northern Iceland, Tectonics, 27, 1, (2008).
- G. Biessy, O. Dauteuil, B. Van Vliet‐Lanoë and A. Wayolle, Fast and partitioned postglacial rebound of southwestern Iceland, Tectonics, 27, 3, (2008).
- Gudrún Larsen and Jón Eiríksson, Late Quaternary terrestrial tephrochronology of Iceland—frequency of explosive eruptions, type and volume of tephra deposits, Journal of Quaternary Science, 23, 2, (109-120), (2007).
- Uwe Ring, Extreme uplift of the Rwenzori Mountains in the East African Rift, Uganda: Structural framework and possible role of glaciations, Tectonics, 27, 4, (2008).
- Carolina Pagli and Freysteinn Sigmundsson, Will present day glacier retreat increase volcanic activity? Stress induced by recent glacier retreat and its effect on magmatism at the Vatnajökull ice cap, Iceland, Geophysical Research Letters, 35, 9, (2008).
- Ruth E.B. Andrew and Agust Gudmundsson, Distribution, structure, and formation of Holocene lava shields in Iceland, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.08.011, 168, 1-4, (137-154), (2007).
- Michaël Denis, Jean-François Buoncristiani, Moussa Konaté, Jean-François Ghienne and Michel Guiraud, Hirnantian glacial and deglacial record in SW Djado Basin (NE Niger)., Geodinamica Acta, 10.3166/ga.20.177-195, 20, 3, (177-195), (2012).
- Wolfgang Jacoby and Magnús T. Gudmundsson, Hotspot Iceland: An introduction, Journal of Geodynamics, 10.1016/j.jog.2006.10.001, 43, 1, (1-5), (2007).
- V. Pinel, F. Sigmundsson, E. Sturkell, H. Geirsson, P. Einarsson, M. T. Gudmundsson and T. Högnadóttir, Discriminating volcano deformation due to magma movements and variable surface loads: application to Katla subglacial volcano, Iceland, Geophysical Journal International, 169, 1, (325-338), (2007).
- Olgeir Sigmarsson and Sigurdur Steinthórsson, Origin of Icelandic basalts: A review of their petrology and geochemistry, Journal of Geodynamics, 10.1016/j.jog.2006.09.016, 43, 1, (87-100), (2007).
- Hugh Tuffen, Models of ice melting and edifice growth at the onset of subglacial basaltic eruptions, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 112, B3, (2007).
- Peter G. Knight, References, Glacier Science and Environmental Change, (459-516), (2007).
- John A. Stevenson, David W. McGarvie, John L. Smellie and Jennie S. Gilbert, Subglacial and ice-contact volcanism at the Öræfajökull stratovolcano, Iceland, Bulletin of Volcanology, 10.1007/s00445-005-0047-0, 68, 7-8, (737-752), (2006).
- J.L. Smellie, W.C. McIntosh and R. Esser, Eruptive environment of volcanism on Brabant Island: Evidence for thin wet-based ice in northern Antarctic Peninsula during the Late Quaternary, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.035, 231, 1-2, (233-252), (2006).
- David A. G. Nowell, M. Chris Jones and David M. Pyle, Episodic Quaternary volcanism in France and Germany, Journal of Quaternary Science, 21, 6, (645-675), (2006).
- O. Dauteuil, J. Bouffette, F. Tournat, B. Van Vliet-Lanoë, J.C. Embry and Y. Quété, Holocene vertical deformation outside the active rift zone of north Iceland, Tectonophysics, 10.1016/j.tecto.2005.04.009, 404, 3-4, (203-216), (2005).
- V. Pinel and C. Jaupart, Some consequences of volcanic edifice destruction for eruption conditions, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.01.012, 145, 1-2, (68-80), (2005).
- B. Van Vliet-Lanoë, O. Bourgeois, O. Dauteuil, J.C. Embry, J.L. Schneider and H. Guillou, Deglaciation and volcano-seismic activity in Northern Iceland: Holocene and early Eemian, Geodinamica Acta, 10.3166/ga.18.81-100, 18, 1, (81-100), (2012).
- Michel Rabinowicz and Georges Ceuleneer, The effect of sloped isotherms on melt migration in the shallow mantle: a physical and numerical model based on observations in the Oman ophiolite, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 10.1016/j.epsl.2004.09.039, 229, 3-4, (231-246), (2005).
- John Sinton, Karl Grönvold and Kristján Sæmundsson, Postglacial eruptive history of the Western Volcanic Zone, Iceland, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 6, 12, (2005).
- Debajyoti Paul, William M. White and Janne Blichert‐Toft, Geochemistry of Mauritius and the origin of rejuvenescent volcanism on oceanic island volcanoes, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 6, 6, (2005).
- B. G. Mason, D. M. Pyle, W. B. Dade and T. Jupp, Seasonality of volcanic eruptions, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 109, B4, (2004).
- Kristen St. John, Benjamin P. Flower and Lawrence Krissek, Evolution of iceberg melting, biological productivity, and the record of Icelandic volcanism in the Irminger basin since 630 ka, Marine Geology, 10.1016/j.margeo.2004.09.004, 212, 1-4, (133-152), (2004).
- Tim E. Jupp, David M. Pyle, Ben G. Mason and W. Brian Dade, A statistical model for the timing of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions influenced by periodic processes, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 109, B2, (2004).
- A. Mark Jellinek, Michael Manga and Martin O. Saar, Did melting glaciers cause volcanic eruptions in eastern California? Probing the mechanics of dike formation, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 109, B9, (2004).
- Andreas Stracke, Alan Zindler, Vincent J. M. Salters, Dan McKenzie and Karl Grönvold, The dynamics of melting beneath Theistareykir, northern Iceland, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 4, 10, (2003).
- Andreas Stracke, Alan Zindler, Vincent J. M. Salters, Dan McKenzie, Janne Blichert‐Toft, Francis Albarède and Karl Grönvold, Theistareykir revisited, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 4, 2, (2003).
- J. Maclennan, M. Jull, D. McKenzie, L. Slater and K. Grönvold, The link between volcanism and deglaciation in Iceland, "Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems", 3, 11, (1-25), (2002).
- A.R.L. Nichols, M.R. Carroll and Á. Höskuldsson, Is the Iceland hot spot also wet? Evidence from the water contents of undegassed submarine and subglacial pillow basalts, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00758-6, 202, 1, (77-87), (2002).
- Miguel Doblas, José López-Ruiz, José-María Cebriá, Nasrrddine Youbi and Eugenio Degroote, Mantle insulation beneath the West African craton during the Precambrian-Cambrian transition, Geology, 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0839:MIBTWA>2.0.CO;2, 30, 9, (839), (2002).
- Adrian P. Jones, G.David Price, Neville J. Price, Paul S. DeCarli and Richard A. Clegg, Impact induced melting and the development of large igneous provinces, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00824-5, 202, 3-4, (551-561), (2002).
- Michel Rabinowicz and Anne Briais, Temporal variations of the segmentation of slow to intermediate spreading mid‐ocean ridges 2. A three‐dimensional model in terms of lithosphere accretion and convection within the partially molten mantle beneath the ridge axis, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 107, B6, (ECV 2-1-ECV 2-20), (2002).
- Richard M. Allen, Guust Nolet, W. Jason Morgan, Kristín Vogfjörd, Meredith Nettles, Göran Ekström, Bergur H. Bergsson, Pálmi Erlendsson, G. R. Foulger, Steinunn Jakobsdóttir, Bruce R. Julian, Matt Pritchard, Sturla Ragnarsson and Ragnar Stefánsson, Plume‐driven plumbing and crustal formation in Iceland, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 107, B8, (ESE 4-1-ESE 4-19), (2002).
- Frederik J. Tilmann, Harley M. Benz, Keith F. Priestley and Paul G. Okubo, P‐wave velocity structure of the uppermost mantle beneath Hawaii from traveltime tomography, Geophysical Journal International, 146, 3, (594-606), (2001).
- Brigitte Van Vliet-Lanoë, Anne-Sophie Van Cauwenberge, Olivier Bourgeois, Olivier Dauteuil and Jean-Luc Schneider, A candidate for the Last Interglacial record in northern Iceland: the Sydra formation. Stratigraphy and sedimentology, Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Series IIA - Earth and Planetary Science, 10.1016/S1251-8050(01)01570-1, 332, 9, (577-584), (2001).
- Michel Rabinowicz, Pierre Genthon, Georges Ceuleneer and Matthieu Hillairet, Compaction in a mantle mush with high melt concentrations and the generation of magma chambers, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00330-2, 188, 3-4, (313-328), (2001).
- Gerard C. Bond, Charles Mandeville and Sharon Hoffmann, Were rhyolitic glasses in the Vedde Ash and in the North Atlantic's Ash Zone 1 produced by the same volcanic eruption?, Quaternary Science Reviews, 10.1016/S0277-3791(00)00146-3, 20, 11, (1189-1199), (2001).
- Marc Spiegelman, Peter B. Kelemen and Einat Aharonov, Causes and consequences of flow organization during melt transport: The reaction infiltration instability in compactible media, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 106, B2, (2061-2077), (2001).
- Anna Cecilie Skovgaard, Michael Storey, Joel Baker, Jerzy Blusztajn and Stan R. Hart, Osmium–oxygen isotopic evidence for a recycled and strongly depleted component in the Iceland mantle plume, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00549-0, 194, 1-2, (259-275), (2001).
- S. M. Leghari ., T. M. Jahangir ., M. Y. Khuhawar . and Abdullah Leghari ., Physico-Chemical and Biological Studies of Euthermal Sulphur and Chliarothermal Springs Lakki Shah Saddar (District Dadu) Sindh, Pakistan, Journal of Biological Sciences, 10.3923/jbs.2001.929.934, 1, 10, (929-934), (2001).
- Jórunn Hardardóttir, Áslaug Geirsdóttir and Árny E. Sveinbjörnsdóttir, Seismostratigraphy and sediment studies of Lake Hestvatn, southern Iceland: implications for the deglacial history of the region, Journal of Quaternary Science, 16, 2, (167-179), (2001).
- Agust Gudmundsson, Dynamics of Volcanic Systems in Iceland: Example of Tectonism and Volcanism at Juxtaposed Hot Spot and Mid-Ocean Ridge Systems, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 10.1146/annurev.earth.28.1.107, 28, 1, (107-140), (2000).
- Dan McKenzie, Constraints on melt generation and transport from U-series activity ratios, Chemical Geology, 10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00126-6, 162, 2, (81-94), (2000).
- Iain S. Stewart, Jeanne Sauber and James Rose, Glacio-seismotectonics: ice sheets, crustal deformation and seismicity, Quaternary Science Reviews, 10.1016/S0277-3791(00)00094-9, 19, 14-15, (1367-1389), (2000).
- Haflidi Haflidason, Jon Eiriksson and Shirley Van Kreveld, The tephrochronology of Iceland and the North Atlantic region during the Middle and Late Quaternary: a review, Journal of Quaternary Science, 15, 1, (3-22), (2000).
- John M. Eiler, Karl Grönvold and Nami Kitchen, Oxygen isotope evidence for the origin of chemical variations in lavas from Theistareykir volcano in Iceland’s northern volcanic zone, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00318-6, 184, 1, (269-286), (2000).
- Harald Stollhofen, Ian G. Stanistreet, Berthold Bangert and Hermann Grill, Tuffs, tectonism and glacially related sea-level changes, Carboniferous–Permian, southern Namibia, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00120-6, 161, 1-2, (127-150), (2000).
- G. Suhr, Melt Migration under Oceanic Ridges: Inferences from Reactive Transport Modelling of Upper Mantle Hosted Dunites, Journal of Petrology, 10.1093/petroj/40.4.575, 40, 4, (575-599), (1999).
- Olivier Bourgeois, Olivier Dauteuil and Brigitte Van Vliet-Lanoë, Pleistocene subglacial volcanism in Iceland: tectonic implications, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00201-5, 164, 1-2, (165-178), (1998).
- John R. Smallwood, Robert S. White and Robert S. Staples, Deep crustal reflectors under Reydarfjördur, eastern Iceland:crustal accretion above the Iceland mantle plume, Geophysical Journal International, 134, 1, (277-290), (2002).
- M.A.Mary Gee, R.N. Taylor, M.F. Thirlwall and B.J. Murton, Glacioisostacy controls chemical and isotopic characteristics of tholeiites from the Reykjanes Peninsula, SW Iceland, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00246-5, 164, 1-2, (1-5), (1998).
- L Slater, M Jull, D McKenzie and K Gronvöld, Deglaciation effects on mantle melting under Iceland: results from the northern volcanic zone, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00200-3, 164, 1-2, (151-164), (1998).
- Jean-Arthur Olive, Volcanology: When less water means more fire, Nature Geoscience, 10.1038/ngeo3040, 10, 10, (718-719), (2017)., (2017).
- Margaret Hartley and John Maclennan, Magmatic Densities Control Erupted Volumes in Icelandic Volcanic Systems, Frontiers in Earth Science, 10.3389/feart.2018.00029, 6, (2018).
- Pietro Sternai, Luca Caricchi, Daniel Garcia-Castellanos, Laurent Jolivet, Tom E. Sheldrake and Sébastien Castelltort, Magmatic pulse driven by sea-level changes associated with the Messinian salinity crisis, Nature Geoscience, 10.1038/ngeo3032, 10, 10, (783-787), (2017)., (2017).




