Geophysical Research Letters

Oceans

Free Access

World ocean heat content and thermosteric sea level change (0–2000 m), 1955–2010

Corresponding Author

National Oceanographic Data Center, NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA

Corresponding author: S. Levitus, National Oceanographic Data Center, NOAA, E/OC5, 1315 East‐West Hwy., Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA. (E-mail address:sydney.levitus@noaa.gov)

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J. I. Antonov

UCAR Project Scientist, National Oceanographic Data Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA

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T. P. Boyer

National Oceanographic Data Center, NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA

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O. K. Baranova

National Oceanographic Data Center, NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA

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H. E. Garcia

National Oceanographic Data Center, NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA

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R. A. Locarnini

National Oceanographic Data Center, NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA

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A. V. Mishonov

National Oceanographic Data Center, NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA

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J. R. Reagan

National Oceanographic Data Center, NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA

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D. Seidov

National Oceanographic Data Center, NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA

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E. S. Yarosh

National Oceanographic Data Center, NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA

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M. M. Zweng

National Oceanographic Data Center, NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA

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S. Levitus

Corresponding Author

E-mail address:sydney.levitus@noaa.gov

National Oceanographic Data Center, NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA

Corresponding author: S. Levitus, National Oceanographic Data Center, NOAA, E/OC5, 1315 East‐West Hwy., Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA. (E-mail address:sydney.levitus@noaa.gov)

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J. I. Antonov

UCAR Project Scientist, National Oceanographic Data Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA

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T. P. Boyer

National Oceanographic Data Center, NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA

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O. K. Baranova

National Oceanographic Data Center, NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA

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H. E. Garcia

National Oceanographic Data Center, NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA

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R. A. Locarnini

National Oceanographic Data Center, NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA

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A. V. Mishonov

National Oceanographic Data Center, NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA

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J. R. Reagan

National Oceanographic Data Center, NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA

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D. Seidov

National Oceanographic Data Center, NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA

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E. S. Yarosh

National Oceanographic Data Center, NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA

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M. M. Zweng

National Oceanographic Data Center, NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA

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First published: 17 May 2012

https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051106

Cited by: 266

Abstract

[1] We provide updated estimates of the change of ocean heat content and the thermosteric component of sea level change of the 0–700 and 0–2000 m layers of the World Ocean for 1955–2010. Our estimates are based on historical data not previously available, additional modern data, and bathythermograph data corrected for instrumental biases. We have also used Argo data corrected by the Argo DAC if available and used uncorrected Argo data if no corrections were available at the time we downloaded the Argo data. The heat content of the World Ocean for the 0–2000 m layer increased by 24.0 ± 1.9 × 10²² J (±2S.E.) corresponding to a rate of 0.39 W m⁻² (per unit area of the World Ocean) and a volume mean warming of 0.09°C. This warming corresponds to a rate of 0.27 W m⁻² per unit area of earth's surface. The heat content of the World Ocean for the 0–700 m layer increased by 16.7 ± 1.6 × 10²² J corresponding to a rate of 0.27 W m⁻²(per unit area of the World Ocean) and a volume mean warming of 0.18°C. The World Ocean accounts for approximately 93% of the warming of the earth system that has occurred since 1955. The 700–2000 m ocean layer accounted for approximately one‐third of the warming of the 0–2000 m layer of the World Ocean. The thermosteric component of sea level trend was 0.54 ± .05 mm yr⁻¹ for the 0–2000 m layer and 0.41 ± .04 mm yr⁻¹ for the 0–700 m layer of the World Ocean for 1955–2010.

Citing Literature

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Supporting Information

Volume39, Issue10

28 May 2012

- Recommended
  Importance and origin of halosteric contribution to sea level change in the southeast Indian Ocean during 2005–2013
  William Llovel
  Tong Lee
  Geophysical Research Letters
  Warming of the world ocean, 1955–2003
  S. Levitus
  J. Antonov
  T. Boyer
  Geophysical Research Letters
  A review of global ocean temperature observations: Implications for ocean heat content estimates and climate change
  J. P. Abraham
  M. Baringer
  N. L. Bindoff
  T. Boyer
  L. J. Cheng
  J. A. Church
  J. L. Conroy
  C. M. Domingues
  J. T. Fasullo
  J. Gilson
  G. Goni
  S. A. Good
  J. M. Gorman
  V. Gouretski
  M. Ishii
  G. C. Johnson
  S. Kizu
  J. M. Lyman
  A. M. Macdonald
  W. J. Minkowycz
  S. E. Moffitt
  M. D. Palmer
  A. R. Piola
  F. Reseghetti
  K. Schuckmann
  K. E. Trenberth
  I. Velicogna
  J. K. Willis
  Reviews of Geophysics
  2013 World Ocean Atlas Aids High‐Resolution Climate Studies
  Tim P. Boyer
  Hernan E. Garcia
  Ricardo A. Locarnini
  Melissa M. Zweng
  Alexey V. Mishonov
  James R. Reagan
  John I. Antonov
  Olga K. Baranova
  Mathew M. Biddle
  Daphne R. Johnson
  Christopher R. Paver
  Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union
  A Comparison Between the World Ocean Atlas and Hydrobase Climatology
  C. ‐W. June Chang
  Yi Chao
  Geophysical Research Letters
- Highlighted

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grl29030-sup-0001-readme.txtplain text document, 8.6 KB	readme.txt
grl29030-sup-0002-txts01.doc10 MB	Text S1. Error estimates of objectively analyzed oceanographic data, Figures S1‐S14, and Tables S1‐S3.
grl29030-sup-0003-txts01.pdfPDF document, 6.1 MB	Text S1. Error estimates of objectively analyzed oceanographic data, Figures S1‐S14, and Tables S1‐S3.

Geophysical Research Letters

World ocean heat content and thermosteric sea level change (0–2000 m), 1955–2010

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Number of times cited: 266

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World ocean heat content and thermosteric sea level change (0–2000 m), 1955–2010

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Number of times cited: 266

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