The Greenhouse Gas Budget of Terrestrial Ecosystems in East Asia Since 2000
Corresponding Author
Xuhui Wang
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
Correspondence to:
X. Wang,
Search for more papers by this authorYuanyi Gao
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorSujong Jeong
Department of Environmental Planning, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
Search for more papers by this authorAkihiko Ito
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
Search for more papers by this authorAna Bastos
Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorBenjamin Poulter
Institute on Ecosystems and the Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
Biospheric Science Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
Search for more papers by this authorYilong Wang
Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorPhilippe Ciais
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
Search for more papers by this authorHanqin Tian
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Schiller Institute for Integrated Science and Society, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorWenping Yuan
School of Atmospheric Sciences, SUN YAT-SEN University, Guangzhou, China
Search for more papers by this authorNaveen Chandra
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama, Japan
Search for more papers by this authorFrédéric Chevallier
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
Search for more papers by this authorLei Fan
School of Geographical Sciences, Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Karst Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
Search for more papers by this authorSongbai Hong
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorRonny Lauerwald
Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, Thiverval-Grignon, France
Search for more papers by this authorWei Li
Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorZhengyang Lin
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorNaiqing Pan
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Boston College, Schiller Institute for Integrated Science and Society, Chestnut Hill, PA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorPrabir K. Patra
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama, Japan
Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN), Kamigamo, Kyoto, Japan
Search for more papers by this authorShushi Peng
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorLishan Ran
Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Search for more papers by this authorYuxing Sang
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorStephen Sitch
Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
Search for more papers by this authorMaki Takashi
Department of Atmosphere, Ocean and Earth System Modeling Research, Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tsukuba, Japan
Search for more papers by this authorRona Louise Thompson
Norsk Institutt for Luftforskning, Kjeller, Norway
Search for more papers by this authorChenzhi Wang
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorKai Wang
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorTao Wang
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
Search for more papers by this authorYi Xi
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
Search for more papers by this authorYanzi Yan
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorJeongmin Yun
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorYao Zhang
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorYuzhong Zhang
Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
Search for more papers by this authorZhen Zhang
Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
Search for more papers by this authorBo Zheng
Shenzhen International Graduate School, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
Search for more papers by this authorFeng Zhou
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorShu Tao
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorShilong Piao
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Xuhui Wang
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
Correspondence to:
X. Wang,
Search for more papers by this authorYuanyi Gao
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorSujong Jeong
Department of Environmental Planning, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
Search for more papers by this authorAkihiko Ito
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
Search for more papers by this authorAna Bastos
Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorBenjamin Poulter
Institute on Ecosystems and the Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
Biospheric Science Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
Search for more papers by this authorYilong Wang
Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorPhilippe Ciais
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
Search for more papers by this authorHanqin Tian
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Schiller Institute for Integrated Science and Society, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorWenping Yuan
School of Atmospheric Sciences, SUN YAT-SEN University, Guangzhou, China
Search for more papers by this authorNaveen Chandra
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama, Japan
Search for more papers by this authorFrédéric Chevallier
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
Search for more papers by this authorLei Fan
School of Geographical Sciences, Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Karst Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
Search for more papers by this authorSongbai Hong
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorRonny Lauerwald
Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, Thiverval-Grignon, France
Search for more papers by this authorWei Li
Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorZhengyang Lin
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorNaiqing Pan
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Boston College, Schiller Institute for Integrated Science and Society, Chestnut Hill, PA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorPrabir K. Patra
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama, Japan
Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN), Kamigamo, Kyoto, Japan
Search for more papers by this authorShushi Peng
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorLishan Ran
Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Search for more papers by this authorYuxing Sang
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorStephen Sitch
Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
Search for more papers by this authorMaki Takashi
Department of Atmosphere, Ocean and Earth System Modeling Research, Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tsukuba, Japan
Search for more papers by this authorRona Louise Thompson
Norsk Institutt for Luftforskning, Kjeller, Norway
Search for more papers by this authorChenzhi Wang
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorKai Wang
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorTao Wang
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
Search for more papers by this authorYi Xi
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
Search for more papers by this authorYanzi Yan
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorJeongmin Yun
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorYao Zhang
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorYuzhong Zhang
Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China
Search for more papers by this authorZhen Zhang
Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
Search for more papers by this authorBo Zheng
Shenzhen International Graduate School, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
Search for more papers by this authorFeng Zhou
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorShu Tao
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorShilong Piao
College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
East Asia (China, Japan, Koreas, and Mongolia) has been the world's economic engine over at least the past two decades, exhibiting a rapid increase in fossil fuel emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and has expressed the recent ambition to achieve climate neutrality by mid-century. However, the GHG balance of its terrestrial ecosystems remains poorly constrained. Here, we present a synthesis of the three most important long-lived greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, and N2O) budgets over East Asia during the decades of 2000s and 2010s, following a dual constraint approach. We estimate that terrestrial ecosystems in East Asia is close to neutrality of GHGs, with a magnitude of between −46.3 ± 505.9 Tg CO2eq yr−1 (the top-down approach) and −36.1 ± 207.1 Tg CO2eq yr−1 (the bottom-up approach) during 2000–2019. This net GHG sink includes a large land CO2 sink (−1229.3 ± 430.9 Tg CO2 yr−1 based on the top-down approach and −1353.8 ± 158.5 Tg CO2 yr−1 based on the bottom-up approach) being offset by biogenic CH4 and N2O emissions, predominantly coming from the agricultural sectors. Emerging data sources and modeling capacities have helped achieve agreement between the top-down and bottom-up approaches, but sizable uncertainties remain in several flux terms. For example, the reported CO2 flux from land use and land cover change varies from a net source of more than 300 Tg CO2 yr−1 to a net sink of ∼−700 Tg CO2 yr−1. Although terrestrial ecosystems over East Asia is close to GHG neutral currently, curbing agricultural GHG emissions and additional afforestation and forest managements have the potential to transform the terrestrial ecosystems into a net GHG sink, which would help in realizing East Asian countries' ambitions to achieve climate neutrality.
Key Points
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A comprehensive greenhouse gas (CO2, CH4 and N2O) accounting including about 40 flux terms over East Asia is reported
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Terrestrial ecosystems in East Asia are close to greenhouse gas neutral
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Natural ecosystems is a net greenhouse gas sink, compensated by a net source from agricultural ecosystems
Plain Language Summary
East Asia (China, Japan, Koreas and Mongolia) is not only the hotspot of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG, including CO2, CH4 and N2O) emissions, but also a region with large CO2 sink. However, the greenhouse gas balance of greenhouse gases over the region is poorly understood. In this study, we performed a synthesis for over 40 flux terms to provide the first-of-its-kind GHG budget assessment over the decades of 2000s and 2010s. We find terrestrial ecosystems in East Asia is close to neutrality of GHGs. The bottom-up approach summing up component fluxes estimated a net balance of −36.1 ± 207.1 Tg CO2eq yr−1, while the top-down approach based on atmospheric inversions estimated a net balance of −46.3 ± 505.9 Tg CO2eq yr−1. This results from compensation of the large CO2 sink by CH4 and N2O emissions, and from compensation of net GHG sink over natural ecosystems by net GHG source over agricultural ecosystems. Thus, curbing agricultural GHG emissions has the potential to realizing the ambitious goal of achieving climate neutrality over East Asia.
Open Research
Data Availability Statement
The relevant data supporting the conclusions of this study, including the inversion fluxes for three GHGs, the GCP estimates for three GHGs, the regional land carbon fluxes of TRENDYv9, the soil N2O emissions estimated by NMIP models, the book-keeping model fluxes, the synthesis of inland water GHG emission estimates and the lateral carbon fluxes were archived and available from the data repository of RECCAP-2 at https://www.bgc-jena.mpg.de/geodb/projects/Home.php. All other datasets used in this study were listed in Table S1–S3 in Supporting Information S1 with detailed data descriptions and link for access. The analysis was conducted through MATLAB version R2022a (https://ww2.mathworks.cn/products/matlab.html). Maps and figures were created through ArcGIS Pro version 2.8.3 from Esri (https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/products/arcgis-pro/overview) and CorelDraw Graphics Suite version 2021 from Corel Corporation (https://www.coreldraw.com/en/product/coreldraw/). Any other request should be directed to the corresponding author.
Supporting Information
Filename | Description |
---|---|
2023GB007865-T-sup-0001-Supporting Information SI-S01.docx11 MB | Supporting Information S1 |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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