PM2.5-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) and Oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) in Typical Traffic-Related Receptor Environments
Corresponding Author
T. Wang
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
Correspondence to:
T. Wang and H. Mao,
Contribution: Data curation, Writing - original draft, Funding acquisition
Search for more papers by this authorJ. Zhao
Key Laboratory of Civil Aviation Thermal Hazards Prevention and Emergency Response, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin, China
Contribution: Methodology, Investigation
Search for more papers by this authorY. Liu
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
Contribution: Visualization
Search for more papers by this authorJ. Peng
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
Contribution: Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorL. Wu
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
Contribution: Methodology
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
H. Mao
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
Correspondence to:
T. Wang and H. Mao,
Contribution: Supervision
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
T. Wang
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
Correspondence to:
T. Wang and H. Mao,
Contribution: Data curation, Writing - original draft, Funding acquisition
Search for more papers by this authorJ. Zhao
Key Laboratory of Civil Aviation Thermal Hazards Prevention and Emergency Response, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin, China
Contribution: Methodology, Investigation
Search for more papers by this authorY. Liu
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
Contribution: Visualization
Search for more papers by this authorJ. Peng
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
Contribution: Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorL. Wu
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
Contribution: Methodology
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
H. Mao
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
Correspondence to:
T. Wang and H. Mao,
Contribution: Supervision
Search for more papers by this authorT. Wang and Jingbo Z. contributed equally to this work.
Abstract
PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) and oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) around roadside, port and airport areas were investigated to evaluate the impacts of vehicle, ship and aviation emissions on PAHs and their derivatives in relevant receptor environments. The PAHs concentrations in fuels increased in the following order: jet fuel < heavy fuel oil for vessel < automobile diesel fuel. However, the average mass ratio concentrations of PM2.5-bound PAHs in roadside, port and airport areas were 42.9, 158.7 and 260.4 μg/g, respectively. The low PAHs concentrations in fuel were relevant to the high PAHs emissions. The composition of the molecular species showed that 5- and 6-rings PAHs were dominated in roadside area, while 3- and 4-rings PAHs were major proportions in port and airport areas. The average mass ratio concentrations of PM2.5-bound NPAHs and OPAHs concentrations in roadside, port and airport areas were 23.5 and 115.2, 4.8 and 39.9, and 26.4 and 284.2 μg/g, respectively. The different variation tendencies between PAHs and their derivates, dominant individual NPAHs, diagnostic ratios of NPAH isomers and principal component analysis revealed that primary emission was the major contributor to NPAHs and OPAHs in three receptor environments, and secondary formation played non-negligible roles in NPAHs formation in roadside and airport areas. In addition, 9-nitroanthracene (9-NAnt) and anthraquinone (ATQ) were found to be the indicatory compounds for traffic emission. Taken together, these results may provide a basic information for assessing the impact of traffic emission sources on PAC emissions to the related receptor environment.
Key Points
-
Fuel type and combustion mode of engine were responsible for polycyclic aromatic compounds emission in traffic-related receptor environment
-
Low concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fuel were relevant to high polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emission in receptor environment
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The 9-nitroanthracene and anthraquinone could be used as the indicatory compounds for traffic emission
Plain Language Summary
There are three main traffic emission sources in urban areas, including vehicle, ship and airplane. To gain an insight into the impact of the vehicle, ship and aviation emission on pollution level in relevant receptor environments, PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) and oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) in the ambient air in roadside, port and airport areas were investigated. The concentrations of PM2.5–bound PAHs in three typical receptor environments revealed a low PAHs concentration in the fuels, which were relevant to the high PAHs emission. While the high molecular weight PAHs manifested in roadside area, the PAHs exhibiting a medium molecular weight PAHs constituted the major proportions in port and airport areas. Combined with the results of the diagnostic ratios of PAH isomers, their correlation with meteorological conditions and principal component analysis, PAHs emission in traffic-related receptor environment was directly influenced by type of fuel and combustion mode of engine; the secondary formation and gas-particulate phase partition played non-negligible roles in the formation of PAHs derivates. Moreover, our study suggested that some specific PAC species (9-NAnt and ATQ) could be used as the indicatory compounds for traffic emission, and can be applied in statistic models for source identification.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest relevant to this study.
Open Research
Data Availability Statement
All data used during the study appear in the submitted article and are openly available at Zenodo repositories (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5797158).
Supporting Information
| Filename | Description |
|---|---|
| 2021JD035951-sup-0001-Supporting Information SI-S01.pdf1.9 MB | Supporting Information S1 |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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